The process of agricultural production is a process of energy conversion. During the growing process, crops need to continuously consume energy, but also need to continuously replenish energy. It is necessary to constantly adjust the content of water, fertilizer, gas, and heat in the soil. However, as far as China's current land cultivation situation is concerned, it is almost a predatory over-farm operation, and a single large-scale use of chemical fertilizers in the plots, pursuing short-term benefits, resulting in a decline in soil organic matter content and fertility, soil compaction, and serious lack of agricultural stamina. Take our district as an example, after testing, the soil organic matter content in most areas is only 0.5% to 0.7%, and the content of soil organic matter and fertility are low, which has become an important factor that restricts the sustainable development of agriculture.
Straw returning is one of the key technical measures for conservation tillage technology, which promotes water saving, cost-saving, production increase, efficiency improvement, environmental protection and sustainable development in agriculture. The area of ​​straw returning to farming in the fourth division of agriculture has been increasing year after year. The effect is significant. In 2003, 73,010hm2 of straw returned to the farmland, which increased food production by 10% to 15% on average, reduced production costs by 100 to 150 yuan/hm2, effectively prevented the burning of crop straws, improved the ecological environment, and increased farmers' income.
1. Implementation of straw returning
(1) Straw returned to the field to supplement soil nutrients. Crop stalk contains certain nutrients and cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, protein and ash elements. It contains not only organic matter but also nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients. If all grain and straw are removed from the field, the organic matter remaining in the soil is generally only about 10%, resulting in a decline in soil fertility. Therefore, it can only be supplemented by various means such as fertilization or straw return.
(2) The return of straw to the field promoted microbial activity. Soil microorganisms have an important role in the decomposition of soil organic matter and the purification of soil throughout the agricultural ecosystem. The synthesis of organic matter is accomplished by plant chlorophyll, and the decomposition of organic matter is accomplished by microorganisms. If only the synthesis of organics and the decomposition of organics are not available, green plants will not receive sufficient amounts of inorganic nutrients and agricultural production will be difficult to carry out. Straw returning to the soil microorganisms added a lot of energy substances, along with the corresponding increase in the number of microbial species and enzyme activity; the implementation of straw return to the field can generally increase the total number of microorganisms 18.9%, contact enzyme activity can increase 33%, invertase activity can be With an increase of 47%, urinary enzyme activity increased by 17%. This accelerates the decomposition of organic matter and the conversion of mineral nutrients, increases the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and increases the effectiveness of soil nutrients. Black colloids such as cellulose, lignin, polysaccharides, and humic acids produced by the decomposition and transformation of microorganisms have the ability to bind soil particles, form organic and inorganic complexes with clay minerals, promote the formation of soil aggregates, and make soils The capacity is reduced, generally decreasing by 0.10~0.15g/cm3, the porosity increases by 3%~6%, and the water content increases by 1.5%. This will increase the coordination of water, fertilizer, gas, and heat in the soil, increase the ability of the soil to retain water, retain fertilizer, and provide fertilizer, and improve soil physical and chemical properties.
(3) The return of straw to the field can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers: The effect of chemical fertilizers on agricultural production is obvious, but long-term overuse. Lead to soil compaction, fertility destruction, and environmental pollution. The use of chemical fertilizers in China far exceeds the average level of global chemical fertilizer use. In the international arena, the agricultural developed countries all pay attention to the structure of fertilization. For example, the amount of chemical fertilizers in the United States has been controlled within 1/3 of the total amount of fertilizer, and most of the corn in Canada and the United States. Wheat stalks are returned. The nitrogen absorbed by crops comes mainly from the original nitrogen in the soil. Only 23% to 24% come from fertilizers. This shows that even with chemical storage, soil organic matter is still the most important for crop growth. Therefore, returning straw to the field is an excellent way to make up for the long-term use of chemical fertilizers.
(4) Straw return to land can improve the agricultural ecological environment. In the past few years, 80% of straw in the 4th Agricultural Division was mainly burned, polluting the air, affecting traffic, coking the surface soil of the soil, and sometimes causing fire. Even if straw is not used for comprehensive utilization, straw will still affect the agricultural ecology. surroundings. Therefore, the Fourth Agricultural Division proposed to basically realize the comprehensive utilization of agricultural waste during the “10th Five-Year Plan†period.
2. Ways of Returning Straw to Field The ways to return straw to the field are direct field return and indirect field return. It is not advisable to burn straw on site. The large amount of nitrogen contained in the burned straw floats into the atmosphere causing pollution, leaving only some ash in the field. At the same time, it also affects traffic when it is burned, which can easily cause fire damage to trees.
(1) Indirectly returning to land. 1 return to the belly. Straw is first used as feed, digested and digested by livestock and turned into manure and returned to urine. China's folk has traditionally used straw as a tradition for raising fodder to raise livestock: currently about. 20% were treated as feed and most were only chopped to 3–5 cm and fed directly to livestock. With the improvement and promotion of straw processing technology, technologies such as silage and ammoniation have been significantly accelerated. During the period from 1990 to 2000, the country accumulated 850 Mt of silage, an annual increase of 14.24%, and ammoniated straw feed of 28 million, an increase of 36.96%. Straw returning to the abdomen, not only can increase livestock products, but also increase the amount of organic fertilizer for agriculture, reduce agricultural costs, and promote agro-ecological ring. 2 heaps of fermented returning fields. There are two types of anaerobic fermentation and aerobic fermentation. After anaerobic fermentation, the straw is piled and closed without ventilation. The aerobic fermentation is after the straw is piled, and a ventilation ditch is provided at the bottom of the heap or heap. The fermented straw can accelerate the decomposition of humus into a better-quality organic fertilizer and return it as a base fertilizer: In recent years, a number of new technologies have been developed and used in trials and trials in various regions, which are highly efficient and fast and are not subject to agricultural restrictions, and have been welcomed by farmers. 3 Straw gasification, waste residue returning to the field: “Straw gasification, waste residue reunification†is a biomass thermal energy gasification technology: After the straw is gasified, the combustible gas (biogas) generated by it can be used as a centralized energy supply for rural life. The waste residue formed after gasification is treated as a fertilizer and returned to the field: carbonization of straw and return of straw ash to the field. After incomplete combustion of the straw, the straw becomes ash that retains nutrients for returning fertilizer.
(2) Straw returned to the field. The direct return of straw to the field is the most economical, most effective, and most practical way. It does not need to collect, transport, process, and withdraw, and it can also prevent the loss of nutrients such as N and K during the process of straw rot, and promotes vitamin B and crops. Growth hormone accumulation. The Lausanne experiment in the United Kingdom, from the 1934 to 1951 consecutive 18-year comparative test results, shows that the direct returning field yields more than the stacking field. Straw returned to the field by mechanical operation. The area of ​​mechanized straw returning in 2001 and 2002 in Agricultural Fourth Division was 68,170 hm2 and 65,920 hm2 respectively, and in 2003 it reached 73,010 hm2: an average increase in food production by 10% to 15% and a reduction in production costs by 100 to 150 yuan/ Hm2 effectively prevented the burning of crop straw, improved the ecological environment, reduced the burden on peasants, and increased farmers' income.
(3) Technology of straw returning and conservation tillage The agricultural crops of the 4th Division of Agriculture are mainly straws such as rice, wheat, rapeseed, corn, and cotton. The main procedures for returning crops are chopping, scattering and rolling.
(1) Wheat straw returning. Since there are two kinds of harvesting equipment for wheat stalk return, there are two technical routes. The first is harvested with a full-feed combine harvester and its technical route: harvesting → straw shredding → scattering → fertilization → reversal rot rotavator tillage burying → irrigation → artificial leveling → sowing. Harvesting with a combine harvester with a straw chopping device, the technical route: harvesting → fertilization → reversal rot rotavator tillage cultivation burying pressure → irrigation → leveling → sowing.
(2) Rice straw returning field. The rice is harvested by a half-feeding combine harvester with a straw chopping device. The technical route is: harvesting → fertilizing → reversing smashing and smashing the rotary cultivating machine for burying → sowing → trenching and trenching.
(3) Oil stalks return to the field. Harvested with the oil harvester, the technical route: harvesting → straw chopping, scattering → fertilization → drive disc plowing ploughing or counter-rotating rotavator tillage tillage pressure.
4. The role and operational requirements of straw mulching
(1) The role of straw mulching in returning land. 1 Can effectively block the direct sunlight surface, reduce soil moisture evaporation and surface wind erosion (reduced moisture loss by 30% to 40% compared to the bare surface), improve water use efficiency, and enhance crop drought resistance. (2) To prevent the capillary seepage of water seepage caused by heavy rain on the ground surface, water seepage capacity, soil erosion and environmental deterioration, and to reduce surface stormwater runoff (more than 80% reduction in heavy rain runoff from traditional land ploughing and 15% increase in rainwater utilization rate) %) to maximize the accumulation of rainwater. 3 There are a large number of eggs and pathogens in the straw, covering the surface through long-term ultraviolet radiation and high temperature, winter cold extermination, can effectively inhibit the occurrence of pests and diseases. 4 Straw rot decomposition, can increase soil organic fertility, improve soil structure; reduce fertilizer use, improve grain yield and quality. After continuous straw mulching, the content of soil organic matter increased by 0.04% to 0.06% year-on-year, and grain yield increased by 10% to 15%. The effect of increasing yield in drought years was more significant. 5 can inhibit the growth of weeds and winter to increase the temperature, promote the delivery of wheat and safe winter. 6 It can prevent waste of resources and environmental pollution caused by straw burning.
(2) Job requirements. The straw coverage is more than 30%, covering evenly, and the seeder can successfully complete the sowing to ensure normal seed germination and emergence.
5. Straw cover species and effects
(1) Direct coverage. Mainly used in the wheat combine harvester, wheat sorghum covering the surface. The combination of straw mulching and no-tillage sowing has obvious effects on water storage, soil conservation, and yield increase. It has few production steps, low production costs, and is easy to seed when rushing to harvest crops. However, it has high technical requirements and it is easy to catch fire. This technology is mostly used for the production of irrigated wheat, direct sorghum and sowing of maize, and arid mountainous wheat production. Compared with traditional production: Dryland wheat production has reduced 2 to 3 steps, reduced production costs by 300 to 375 yuan/hm2, increased grain production by 20% to 25%, and irrigated land reduced by 3 to 4 production steps and reduced production. The cost is 300~525 yuan/hm2, which increases food production by 10%~15% and saves water by 25%~30%.
(2) Crush coverage. The main straw straw returning machine directly covers the crop stalks after being crushed. Straw mulching to cover the surface is effective and easy for farmers to accept. Straw broken, easy to sow, strong adaptability. Combining with deep-sown and no-tillage sowing techniques to form high-quality conservation tillage techniques, which are mostly used for wheat production in fertile areas, flat land formation, and convenient transportation; in combination with shallow tillage sowing techniques, the application area is large. Wide adaptability, mostly used for corn straw smashing shallow rotary tilling wheat and one year for wheat production. Compared with traditional production, early wheat production has reduced 1 to 2 steps, reduced production costs by 225~300 yuan/hm2, increased grain yield by 15% to 20%, and reduced the number of processes in irrigated land by 2 to 3 steps. The production cost is 300 to 375 yuan/hm2, which increases food production by 10% to 15% and saves water by 15% to 20%.
(3) No-till cover. With a band-shaped no-till seeder, direct sowing of the straw in an upright state. This is a new model of conservation tillage technology. The operation content is band-shaped no-till, straw ridge cover, and ridge tillage. This technology has strong adaptability, fewer production processes, low production cost and good application effect. Most of them are used to directly sow wheat in the state of standing straw after harvest. Compared with traditional production: Dryland wheat production has reduced 2 to 3 steps, reduced production costs by 375 to 450 yuan/hm2, increased grain yield by 10% to 15%, and irrigated land reduced by 2 to 3 to 4 to 3 production steps. The production cost is 525~600 yuan/hm2, which increases the grain output by 8%~12% and saves water by 10%~15%.
(4) Shallow mulching coverage. Use a rotary cultivator or rotary seeder to treat shallow cultivated land on the straw cover to achieve the effect of other treatments. The transitional technologies that are part of conservation tillage development will gradually be replaced by no-tillage coverage.
Straw returning is one of the key technical measures for conservation tillage technology, which promotes water saving, cost-saving, production increase, efficiency improvement, environmental protection and sustainable development in agriculture. The area of ​​straw returning to farming in the fourth division of agriculture has been increasing year after year. The effect is significant. In 2003, 73,010hm2 of straw returned to the farmland, which increased food production by 10% to 15% on average, reduced production costs by 100 to 150 yuan/hm2, effectively prevented the burning of crop straws, improved the ecological environment, and increased farmers' income.
1. Implementation of straw returning
(1) Straw returned to the field to supplement soil nutrients. Crop stalk contains certain nutrients and cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, protein and ash elements. It contains not only organic matter but also nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients. If all grain and straw are removed from the field, the organic matter remaining in the soil is generally only about 10%, resulting in a decline in soil fertility. Therefore, it can only be supplemented by various means such as fertilization or straw return.
(2) The return of straw to the field promoted microbial activity. Soil microorganisms have an important role in the decomposition of soil organic matter and the purification of soil throughout the agricultural ecosystem. The synthesis of organic matter is accomplished by plant chlorophyll, and the decomposition of organic matter is accomplished by microorganisms. If only the synthesis of organics and the decomposition of organics are not available, green plants will not receive sufficient amounts of inorganic nutrients and agricultural production will be difficult to carry out. Straw returning to the soil microorganisms added a lot of energy substances, along with the corresponding increase in the number of microbial species and enzyme activity; the implementation of straw return to the field can generally increase the total number of microorganisms 18.9%, contact enzyme activity can increase 33%, invertase activity can be With an increase of 47%, urinary enzyme activity increased by 17%. This accelerates the decomposition of organic matter and the conversion of mineral nutrients, increases the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and increases the effectiveness of soil nutrients. Black colloids such as cellulose, lignin, polysaccharides, and humic acids produced by the decomposition and transformation of microorganisms have the ability to bind soil particles, form organic and inorganic complexes with clay minerals, promote the formation of soil aggregates, and make soils The capacity is reduced, generally decreasing by 0.10~0.15g/cm3, the porosity increases by 3%~6%, and the water content increases by 1.5%. This will increase the coordination of water, fertilizer, gas, and heat in the soil, increase the ability of the soil to retain water, retain fertilizer, and provide fertilizer, and improve soil physical and chemical properties.
(3) The return of straw to the field can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers: The effect of chemical fertilizers on agricultural production is obvious, but long-term overuse. Lead to soil compaction, fertility destruction, and environmental pollution. The use of chemical fertilizers in China far exceeds the average level of global chemical fertilizer use. In the international arena, the agricultural developed countries all pay attention to the structure of fertilization. For example, the amount of chemical fertilizers in the United States has been controlled within 1/3 of the total amount of fertilizer, and most of the corn in Canada and the United States. Wheat stalks are returned. The nitrogen absorbed by crops comes mainly from the original nitrogen in the soil. Only 23% to 24% come from fertilizers. This shows that even with chemical storage, soil organic matter is still the most important for crop growth. Therefore, returning straw to the field is an excellent way to make up for the long-term use of chemical fertilizers.
(4) Straw return to land can improve the agricultural ecological environment. In the past few years, 80% of straw in the 4th Agricultural Division was mainly burned, polluting the air, affecting traffic, coking the surface soil of the soil, and sometimes causing fire. Even if straw is not used for comprehensive utilization, straw will still affect the agricultural ecology. surroundings. Therefore, the Fourth Agricultural Division proposed to basically realize the comprehensive utilization of agricultural waste during the “10th Five-Year Plan†period.
2. Ways of Returning Straw to Field The ways to return straw to the field are direct field return and indirect field return. It is not advisable to burn straw on site. The large amount of nitrogen contained in the burned straw floats into the atmosphere causing pollution, leaving only some ash in the field. At the same time, it also affects traffic when it is burned, which can easily cause fire damage to trees.
(1) Indirectly returning to land. 1 return to the belly. Straw is first used as feed, digested and digested by livestock and turned into manure and returned to urine. China's folk has traditionally used straw as a tradition for raising fodder to raise livestock: currently about. 20% were treated as feed and most were only chopped to 3–5 cm and fed directly to livestock. With the improvement and promotion of straw processing technology, technologies such as silage and ammoniation have been significantly accelerated. During the period from 1990 to 2000, the country accumulated 850 Mt of silage, an annual increase of 14.24%, and ammoniated straw feed of 28 million, an increase of 36.96%. Straw returning to the abdomen, not only can increase livestock products, but also increase the amount of organic fertilizer for agriculture, reduce agricultural costs, and promote agro-ecological ring. 2 heaps of fermented returning fields. There are two types of anaerobic fermentation and aerobic fermentation. After anaerobic fermentation, the straw is piled and closed without ventilation. The aerobic fermentation is after the straw is piled, and a ventilation ditch is provided at the bottom of the heap or heap. The fermented straw can accelerate the decomposition of humus into a better-quality organic fertilizer and return it as a base fertilizer: In recent years, a number of new technologies have been developed and used in trials and trials in various regions, which are highly efficient and fast and are not subject to agricultural restrictions, and have been welcomed by farmers. 3 Straw gasification, waste residue returning to the field: “Straw gasification, waste residue reunification†is a biomass thermal energy gasification technology: After the straw is gasified, the combustible gas (biogas) generated by it can be used as a centralized energy supply for rural life. The waste residue formed after gasification is treated as a fertilizer and returned to the field: carbonization of straw and return of straw ash to the field. After incomplete combustion of the straw, the straw becomes ash that retains nutrients for returning fertilizer.
(2) Straw returned to the field. The direct return of straw to the field is the most economical, most effective, and most practical way. It does not need to collect, transport, process, and withdraw, and it can also prevent the loss of nutrients such as N and K during the process of straw rot, and promotes vitamin B and crops. Growth hormone accumulation. The Lausanne experiment in the United Kingdom, from the 1934 to 1951 consecutive 18-year comparative test results, shows that the direct returning field yields more than the stacking field. Straw returned to the field by mechanical operation. The area of ​​mechanized straw returning in 2001 and 2002 in Agricultural Fourth Division was 68,170 hm2 and 65,920 hm2 respectively, and in 2003 it reached 73,010 hm2: an average increase in food production by 10% to 15% and a reduction in production costs by 100 to 150 yuan/ Hm2 effectively prevented the burning of crop straw, improved the ecological environment, reduced the burden on peasants, and increased farmers' income.
(3) Technology of straw returning and conservation tillage The agricultural crops of the 4th Division of Agriculture are mainly straws such as rice, wheat, rapeseed, corn, and cotton. The main procedures for returning crops are chopping, scattering and rolling.
(1) Wheat straw returning. Since there are two kinds of harvesting equipment for wheat stalk return, there are two technical routes. The first is harvested with a full-feed combine harvester and its technical route: harvesting → straw shredding → scattering → fertilization → reversal rot rotavator tillage burying → irrigation → artificial leveling → sowing. Harvesting with a combine harvester with a straw chopping device, the technical route: harvesting → fertilization → reversal rot rotavator tillage cultivation burying pressure → irrigation → leveling → sowing.
(2) Rice straw returning field. The rice is harvested by a half-feeding combine harvester with a straw chopping device. The technical route is: harvesting → fertilizing → reversing smashing and smashing the rotary cultivating machine for burying → sowing → trenching and trenching.
(3) Oil stalks return to the field. Harvested with the oil harvester, the technical route: harvesting → straw chopping, scattering → fertilization → drive disc plowing ploughing or counter-rotating rotavator tillage tillage pressure.
4. The role and operational requirements of straw mulching
(1) The role of straw mulching in returning land. 1 Can effectively block the direct sunlight surface, reduce soil moisture evaporation and surface wind erosion (reduced moisture loss by 30% to 40% compared to the bare surface), improve water use efficiency, and enhance crop drought resistance. (2) To prevent the capillary seepage of water seepage caused by heavy rain on the ground surface, water seepage capacity, soil erosion and environmental deterioration, and to reduce surface stormwater runoff (more than 80% reduction in heavy rain runoff from traditional land ploughing and 15% increase in rainwater utilization rate) %) to maximize the accumulation of rainwater. 3 There are a large number of eggs and pathogens in the straw, covering the surface through long-term ultraviolet radiation and high temperature, winter cold extermination, can effectively inhibit the occurrence of pests and diseases. 4 Straw rot decomposition, can increase soil organic fertility, improve soil structure; reduce fertilizer use, improve grain yield and quality. After continuous straw mulching, the content of soil organic matter increased by 0.04% to 0.06% year-on-year, and grain yield increased by 10% to 15%. The effect of increasing yield in drought years was more significant. 5 can inhibit the growth of weeds and winter to increase the temperature, promote the delivery of wheat and safe winter. 6 It can prevent waste of resources and environmental pollution caused by straw burning.
(2) Job requirements. The straw coverage is more than 30%, covering evenly, and the seeder can successfully complete the sowing to ensure normal seed germination and emergence.
5. Straw cover species and effects
(1) Direct coverage. Mainly used in the wheat combine harvester, wheat sorghum covering the surface. The combination of straw mulching and no-tillage sowing has obvious effects on water storage, soil conservation, and yield increase. It has few production steps, low production costs, and is easy to seed when rushing to harvest crops. However, it has high technical requirements and it is easy to catch fire. This technology is mostly used for the production of irrigated wheat, direct sorghum and sowing of maize, and arid mountainous wheat production. Compared with traditional production: Dryland wheat production has reduced 2 to 3 steps, reduced production costs by 300 to 375 yuan/hm2, increased grain production by 20% to 25%, and irrigated land reduced by 3 to 4 production steps and reduced production. The cost is 300~525 yuan/hm2, which increases food production by 10%~15% and saves water by 25%~30%.
(2) Crush coverage. The main straw straw returning machine directly covers the crop stalks after being crushed. Straw mulching to cover the surface is effective and easy for farmers to accept. Straw broken, easy to sow, strong adaptability. Combining with deep-sown and no-tillage sowing techniques to form high-quality conservation tillage techniques, which are mostly used for wheat production in fertile areas, flat land formation, and convenient transportation; in combination with shallow tillage sowing techniques, the application area is large. Wide adaptability, mostly used for corn straw smashing shallow rotary tilling wheat and one year for wheat production. Compared with traditional production, early wheat production has reduced 1 to 2 steps, reduced production costs by 225~300 yuan/hm2, increased grain yield by 15% to 20%, and reduced the number of processes in irrigated land by 2 to 3 steps. The production cost is 300 to 375 yuan/hm2, which increases food production by 10% to 15% and saves water by 15% to 20%.
(3) No-till cover. With a band-shaped no-till seeder, direct sowing of the straw in an upright state. This is a new model of conservation tillage technology. The operation content is band-shaped no-till, straw ridge cover, and ridge tillage. This technology has strong adaptability, fewer production processes, low production cost and good application effect. Most of them are used to directly sow wheat in the state of standing straw after harvest. Compared with traditional production: Dryland wheat production has reduced 2 to 3 steps, reduced production costs by 375 to 450 yuan/hm2, increased grain yield by 10% to 15%, and irrigated land reduced by 2 to 3 to 4 to 3 production steps. The production cost is 525~600 yuan/hm2, which increases the grain output by 8%~12% and saves water by 10%~15%.
(4) Shallow mulching coverage. Use a rotary cultivator or rotary seeder to treat shallow cultivated land on the straw cover to achieve the effect of other treatments. The transitional technologies that are part of conservation tillage development will gradually be replaced by no-tillage coverage.
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