Discharge process: lithium of the anode releases electrons and becomes lithium cation (Li+). Li+ passes through the electrolyte material, and combines with oxygen and electrons flowing from the external circuit to form lithium oxide (Li2O) or lithium peroxide (Li2O2). And stay at the cathode. The open circuit voltage of the lithium air battery is 2.91 V.
Lithium-air batteries are not a new concept. Since oxygen in the air is used as an active material on the positive electrode, the capacity density of the positive electrode is theoretically unlimited, and the capacity can be increased. In addition, if lithium metal is used as the negative electrode, the theoretical capacity will increase by one digit compared to the lithium ion rechargeable battery. However, why is the lithium-air battery so far unpopular? The reason is that it has a fatal defect, that is, the solid reaction product lithium oxide (Li2O) will accumulate in the positive electrode, and the contact between the electrolyte and the air is blocked, thereby causing the discharge to stop.
Lithium-air batteries have a higher energy density than lithium-ion batteries because their cathodes (mainly porous carbon) are light and oxygen is taken from the environment without being stored in the battery. Theoretically, since oxygen is not limited as a cathode reactant, the capacity of the battery depends only on the lithium electrode, and its specific energy is 5.21 kWh/kg (including oxygen mass), or 11.14 kWh/kg (excluding oxygen). Compared with other metal-air batteries, lithium-air batteries have a higher specific energy], so it is very attractive.
Scientists believe that the performance of lithium-air batteries is 10 times that of lithium-ion batteries, providing the same energy as gasoline. Lithium-air batteries charge oxygen from the air, so the battery can be smaller and lighter. Many laboratories around the world are studying this technology, but if there is no major breakthrough, it may take a long time to achieve commercial use.
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