I. Eliminating misunderstandings China's grain-drying mechanization level is low. There are both economic and technological reasons. The bigger is that there is a big misunderstanding in understanding:
First, we believe that there are more people and less land in China. Farmers have a small scale of operation and low income. There is no need to develop mechanical drying. The mechanized drying of grain is the main way to stabilize the total amount of grain and reduce the loss of mildew and spillage. In China's grain-producing areas, especially in the southern regions, rice-wheat harvesting seasons often produce rainy, rainy, mildew-like rain, and post-harvest grain moisture content is often as high as 24%-35%. According to statistics from relevant experts, due to the humid climate, the grains are too late to dry or have not reached the safe storage of moisture to cause moldy sprouting and throwing off comprehensive losses during the drying process. The general year is up to 5% and the disaster year is over 10%. The annual loss is up to 300. -60 billion yuan. The level of mechanization for grain drying in developed countries such as Japan and the United States is more than 95%, and the post-production loss of grain is less than 1%. Currently, there are only more than 20,000 dryers in China, and many are used to bake special products. The level of mechanization for grain drying is less than 1/100. In 2003, the self-sufficiency ratio of grain in China had fallen below the 90% level of security alert. Every year, tens of billions of kilograms of grain were imported from abroad. To this end, the development of mechanized grain drying, the acceleration of mechanization of grain production, and the minimization of food Losses to ensure high yields are already a top priority for food production.
The second is that natural drying is superior to mechanical drying. After the harvest, the rice is dried and placed within 5 hours, 10 hours, 20 hours, or even days after drying. The quality of rice is very different. In Japan, rice with a moisture content of 24% is left to dry for 10 hours before it can only be used as a feed grain. High quality has better prices. The price of “non-floored rice†in Japan is 10 times and 100 times higher than our rice price. Taiwan’s rice price is 5 or 6 times higher than us. Our current rice purchase standard has a moisture content of more than 0.5%, a deduction of 0.75%, and a price reduction of 0.75%. That is, every 0.5% of moisture exceeds the actual price reduction of 1.5%. Farmers pay grain due to excessive moisture and reduce their prices. Very common. Mechanized drying through the cleaning, filling, drying, slowing the Soviet Union, cooling, bagging and other processes, can overcome many of the shortcomings of natural drying, natural drying time is long, uneven drying, can not guarantee a safe moisture rate, broken rate is higher than 3% , Mechanical drying ensures that the grain reaches the national treasury acquisition standard in time, raises the acquisition grade, achieves that the grain does not fall to the ground, reduces the mixing of soil and rock, improves the quality, the price can be increased by 5%-20%, the price of the premium brand is higher, and the income of the farmers is effectively increased, which has significant The economic benefits; mechanical drying occupies less space, does not require investment to build a permanent hardening field, saves a lot of valuable land resources; can reduce labor intensity and save labor; can cure more common road drying food habits, reduce traffic safety hazards and reduce Food pollution. The failure to change backward production methods can only lead to a vicious cycle of poverty and backwardness. It is not only detrimental to the physical and mental health of the people, but also does not improve the international competitiveness of agriculture. It must change from natural drying to mechanized drying for thousands of years.
The third is that mechanical dry food investment is large and the cost is high. Farmers can't afford it and can't afford it. According to a variety of investigations and analysis, a set of drying equipment ranging from 100,000 yuan to several million yuan, can be used for 15 years, 3-6 years to recover the cost, it should be said that such a return on investment is not low; the same time, the direct cost of mechanical drying Generally speaking, under the small-scale operation, it is higher than the artificial natural drying cost of 10%-20%, and carries out comprehensive operations such as large-scale production operations and calculation of grain rotting, throwing, crushing loss, and quality decline. The natural drying cost is higher than the mechanical drying cost 3-5 Times are even higher. Mechanical drying is a high-input, high-efficiency, and must change the traditional sense of small-scale farmers' self-purchase and self-use.
The fourth is the selection of configuration and use of science. Do not start from reality, and some greed for foreign affairs, become a device; some equipment can not be used in poor quality; some use or improper management results in low efficiency; some only pay attention to the host does not attach importance to related facilities. A set of drying equipments should serve dozens or hundreds of farmer households. Apart from the mainframe, they should be equipped with corresponding moisture detection equipment, electronic weighing, cleaning, temporary storage and other equipment, and improve the supporting service functions, otherwise the host can not play its due role.
II. Opportunities and constraints At present, China's grain drying and mechanization is facing a rare opportunity for development: governments at all levels attach great importance to food production, especially in 2004 the central government introduced a variety of measures to increase farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain, and promulgated and implemented the promotion of agricultural mechanization. The Law has formed a favorable policy environment such as economic support, price subsidies and tax incentives; the development of agricultural industrialization and industrialization of agricultural machinery services are inseparable from this important link of mechanical drying, large grain producers, large agricultural machinery specialists, and rural professional cooperative economies. Organizations, leading enterprises, etc., have strong desires and requirements for mechanical drying; currently there are many kinds of drying machinery on the market, and there are practical new types of machinery and technical service support available for selection and promotion. At the same time, there are also some unfavorable constraints: Farmers have low income levels, weak purchasing power, long payback periods, low level of industrialized management of farmers, and far from the formation of service systems and mechanisms for large-scale social production organizations, acceptance and application of new technologies. Large inertia; Raw grain has high impurity content, uneven water content, and has high quality requirements for drying mechanical properties. On the market, there are various types of dryers, which are mixed, and some products enter the market without testing identification. Some domestic drying equipment manufacturing process levels Low, poor material quality, unstable drying quality, and loss to users.
III. Countermeasures and Suggestions 1. Governments at all levels strongly support local governments to make overall plans, clearly define key points, and distribute them. Plans, finance, food, agriculture, agriculture, agricultural machinery, and other departments must conscientiously implement the policies and measures adopted by the central government, through projects, and Price subsidies, integration of resources and other efforts to increase the strength of mechanized drying demonstration and promotion work, division of labor and cooperation, and focus on co-management; focus on the main grain production areas, breeding and processing and promotion areas, comprehensive agricultural development zone, food harvesting season, rainy areas, farmers mechanical drying The urgent areas and areas where roads and grains are frequently banned should not be neglected, and a number of demonstration bases and drying centers for grain drying and mechanization should be set up. They should be combined and matched with the combine harvester and grain deep processing as much as possible to form an industrial chain; Various types of publicity such as television, newspapers, magazines, networks, and on-site conferences will be widely publicized to expand influence, recommend new tools with high quality and low price to farmers, do a good job of technical training, and do a good job in after-sales service of equipment so that buyers can use and operate. Skills, with tangible practical results and quality services, to promote conscious acceptance of farmers and the Lord Application.
2. The strong adaptability of reasonable modeling, multi-functionality, high efficiency, energy saving and better price are the main factors for selecting dryers. 1 Select according to the heat source mode, and choose multi-energy dryers such as electricity, diesel oil, kerosene, solar energy, straw, etc. according to local energy conditions to increase adaptability. The first three are relatively common, the greenhouse solar drying system is close to the natural dry state, the dry food has good taste, does not pollute the food and the environment, and the cost is low. However, the system investment is high and it is greatly affected by climate change. It is only suitable for long lighting hours. Regional; Sichuan Province Agricultural Machinery Extension Station and Provincial Agricultural Machinery Research Institute developed a multi-warehouse mobile circulating straw gas grain dryer, which provides straw heat source, dry room compartment storage grain, four sets of independent single-cycle device, effectively solved Separate household drying and removable drying problems. 2 According to function selection, one machine can be used for multiple purposes. In addition to drying food, it can also be used to bake many kinds of agricultural products such as rapeseed, Chinese herbal medicines, starch, etc., with functions such as sterilization and disinfection; dryers should have automatic computer control system. Moisture detection, drying speed, grain temperature, grain amount, outside temperature change, drying temperature correction, combustion temperature, scheduled shutdown, constant moisture shut down, and other security protection controls are performed by computers, all under the control of the people, which is effective for controlling the grain. The quality, taste, explosion waist, energy saving and consumption reduction play a crucial role. For example, the gold agricultural machinery and the dryer of Shanghai Sanjiu Company have superior performance. 3 Capacity model selection, model size is determined by the conditions and scale of agricultural production, China's farmers are scattered, small scale, small dryer has a stronger adaptability. Although large-capacity models have the advantages of cheaper price and less floor space, they also have the following disadvantages: they have a long charging time, a shorter drying time in a day, and a lower working efficiency; they have less charge and cannot be uniformly dried, and their combustion efficiency decreases; Failures will affect the drying of the entire batch of grain; higher maintenance and commissioning costs. Therefore, drying a large number of grains should generally be configured by multi-unit online installation. The quality and germination rate of low-temperature circulating dried cereals are not affected. It is an ideal drying method for seeding and high-quality grains. Generally, the drying rate (dehydration rate per hour) should be lower than 0.8%; for disaster-recovery, conventional rations Drying of feed grains can be selected with higher drying speeds.
3. Exploring appropriate operating mechanisms To adapt to the reality of long-term implementation of the household contract production system in rural China and improve the utilization and effectiveness of mechanized drying equipment, the following business models are recommended: First, professional households or professional service companies. Adopting government subsidies or demonstrations to develop specialized drying households and professional joint households, focusing on the promotion of small-scale multi-functional mobile dryers, gradually forming professional agricultural machinery service companies, and supporting cross-regional operations with the combine harvesters to conduct socialization and professionalization. Serialization and standardization services are effective ways to realize mechanization under the double-layer management system. They are flexible and can be used to run villages and lanes. When drying, they can sort and measure one household with the same variety of grain or other economic crops. After the moisture content and quality, it is concentrated and dried. After drying, it is distributed to each household and bears the costs. The second is to establish a grain cooperation bank for production areas in accordance with the basic requirements of cooperation and mutual assistance, substituting for storage, and operation of the market. Use the storage facilities of the grain department or the base facilities of agricultural (machine) service centers to purchase large- and medium-sized drying and storage equipment, sign grain savings contracts with peasants, and collect and measure moisture and weighed quantities of wet grains in farmers' hands. Drying, sub-variety storage. Farmers are responsible for dry and storage management fees. Farmers use grain storage certificates to withdraw food at any time. When money is required, they can also withdraw cash at the contract or market price. It can not only improve the utilization rate of dry storage equipment, but also effectively avoid the loss of drying and warehousing of separate households and relieve the worries of farmers. The third is to establish a grain drying processing and sales center. A new type of agricultural co-operative or professional cooperative management organization has been established on the basis of complete voluntarism and mutual benefit among farmers, and has the functions of pre-production, post-production and post-natal services. Uniformly establish one or more grain drying processing and sales points by agricultural cooperatives to form an integrated production and sales center. Agricultural cooperatives are not like private companies aiming at making profits. They don't like government departments can do gratuitous services. They are based on the principle of commodity exchange and use the benefits of their members or members as their basic purpose. They are the representatives of farmers and they are in cooperatives. , The production link is a one-man business, there is only quality competition between each other, there is no price competition, pre-production, post-natal services, especially the drying, processing, and sales links are the cooperatives responsible for the operation, the members in accordance with the promise when joining the meeting All of its products are handed over to the cooperatives, and the mechanized screening, grading, drying, processing, packaging and sales are carried out according to uniform standards. Cooperative members share the various costs of the processing process, and then share profits according to the situation of each person sold. If you lose money, share it. This form can effectively achieve the goal of improving the farmers' ability to resist market risks, increase the level of agricultural industrialization, and maximize the benefits.
First, we believe that there are more people and less land in China. Farmers have a small scale of operation and low income. There is no need to develop mechanical drying. The mechanized drying of grain is the main way to stabilize the total amount of grain and reduce the loss of mildew and spillage. In China's grain-producing areas, especially in the southern regions, rice-wheat harvesting seasons often produce rainy, rainy, mildew-like rain, and post-harvest grain moisture content is often as high as 24%-35%. According to statistics from relevant experts, due to the humid climate, the grains are too late to dry or have not reached the safe storage of moisture to cause moldy sprouting and throwing off comprehensive losses during the drying process. The general year is up to 5% and the disaster year is over 10%. The annual loss is up to 300. -60 billion yuan. The level of mechanization for grain drying in developed countries such as Japan and the United States is more than 95%, and the post-production loss of grain is less than 1%. Currently, there are only more than 20,000 dryers in China, and many are used to bake special products. The level of mechanization for grain drying is less than 1/100. In 2003, the self-sufficiency ratio of grain in China had fallen below the 90% level of security alert. Every year, tens of billions of kilograms of grain were imported from abroad. To this end, the development of mechanized grain drying, the acceleration of mechanization of grain production, and the minimization of food Losses to ensure high yields are already a top priority for food production.
The second is that natural drying is superior to mechanical drying. After the harvest, the rice is dried and placed within 5 hours, 10 hours, 20 hours, or even days after drying. The quality of rice is very different. In Japan, rice with a moisture content of 24% is left to dry for 10 hours before it can only be used as a feed grain. High quality has better prices. The price of “non-floored rice†in Japan is 10 times and 100 times higher than our rice price. Taiwan’s rice price is 5 or 6 times higher than us. Our current rice purchase standard has a moisture content of more than 0.5%, a deduction of 0.75%, and a price reduction of 0.75%. That is, every 0.5% of moisture exceeds the actual price reduction of 1.5%. Farmers pay grain due to excessive moisture and reduce their prices. Very common. Mechanized drying through the cleaning, filling, drying, slowing the Soviet Union, cooling, bagging and other processes, can overcome many of the shortcomings of natural drying, natural drying time is long, uneven drying, can not guarantee a safe moisture rate, broken rate is higher than 3% , Mechanical drying ensures that the grain reaches the national treasury acquisition standard in time, raises the acquisition grade, achieves that the grain does not fall to the ground, reduces the mixing of soil and rock, improves the quality, the price can be increased by 5%-20%, the price of the premium brand is higher, and the income of the farmers is effectively increased, which has significant The economic benefits; mechanical drying occupies less space, does not require investment to build a permanent hardening field, saves a lot of valuable land resources; can reduce labor intensity and save labor; can cure more common road drying food habits, reduce traffic safety hazards and reduce Food pollution. The failure to change backward production methods can only lead to a vicious cycle of poverty and backwardness. It is not only detrimental to the physical and mental health of the people, but also does not improve the international competitiveness of agriculture. It must change from natural drying to mechanized drying for thousands of years.
The third is that mechanical dry food investment is large and the cost is high. Farmers can't afford it and can't afford it. According to a variety of investigations and analysis, a set of drying equipment ranging from 100,000 yuan to several million yuan, can be used for 15 years, 3-6 years to recover the cost, it should be said that such a return on investment is not low; the same time, the direct cost of mechanical drying Generally speaking, under the small-scale operation, it is higher than the artificial natural drying cost of 10%-20%, and carries out comprehensive operations such as large-scale production operations and calculation of grain rotting, throwing, crushing loss, and quality decline. The natural drying cost is higher than the mechanical drying cost 3-5 Times are even higher. Mechanical drying is a high-input, high-efficiency, and must change the traditional sense of small-scale farmers' self-purchase and self-use.
The fourth is the selection of configuration and use of science. Do not start from reality, and some greed for foreign affairs, become a device; some equipment can not be used in poor quality; some use or improper management results in low efficiency; some only pay attention to the host does not attach importance to related facilities. A set of drying equipments should serve dozens or hundreds of farmer households. Apart from the mainframe, they should be equipped with corresponding moisture detection equipment, electronic weighing, cleaning, temporary storage and other equipment, and improve the supporting service functions, otherwise the host can not play its due role.
II. Opportunities and constraints At present, China's grain drying and mechanization is facing a rare opportunity for development: governments at all levels attach great importance to food production, especially in 2004 the central government introduced a variety of measures to increase farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain, and promulgated and implemented the promotion of agricultural mechanization. The Law has formed a favorable policy environment such as economic support, price subsidies and tax incentives; the development of agricultural industrialization and industrialization of agricultural machinery services are inseparable from this important link of mechanical drying, large grain producers, large agricultural machinery specialists, and rural professional cooperative economies. Organizations, leading enterprises, etc., have strong desires and requirements for mechanical drying; currently there are many kinds of drying machinery on the market, and there are practical new types of machinery and technical service support available for selection and promotion. At the same time, there are also some unfavorable constraints: Farmers have low income levels, weak purchasing power, long payback periods, low level of industrialized management of farmers, and far from the formation of service systems and mechanisms for large-scale social production organizations, acceptance and application of new technologies. Large inertia; Raw grain has high impurity content, uneven water content, and has high quality requirements for drying mechanical properties. On the market, there are various types of dryers, which are mixed, and some products enter the market without testing identification. Some domestic drying equipment manufacturing process levels Low, poor material quality, unstable drying quality, and loss to users.
III. Countermeasures and Suggestions 1. Governments at all levels strongly support local governments to make overall plans, clearly define key points, and distribute them. Plans, finance, food, agriculture, agriculture, agricultural machinery, and other departments must conscientiously implement the policies and measures adopted by the central government, through projects, and Price subsidies, integration of resources and other efforts to increase the strength of mechanized drying demonstration and promotion work, division of labor and cooperation, and focus on co-management; focus on the main grain production areas, breeding and processing and promotion areas, comprehensive agricultural development zone, food harvesting season, rainy areas, farmers mechanical drying The urgent areas and areas where roads and grains are frequently banned should not be neglected, and a number of demonstration bases and drying centers for grain drying and mechanization should be set up. They should be combined and matched with the combine harvester and grain deep processing as much as possible to form an industrial chain; Various types of publicity such as television, newspapers, magazines, networks, and on-site conferences will be widely publicized to expand influence, recommend new tools with high quality and low price to farmers, do a good job of technical training, and do a good job in after-sales service of equipment so that buyers can use and operate. Skills, with tangible practical results and quality services, to promote conscious acceptance of farmers and the Lord Application.
2. The strong adaptability of reasonable modeling, multi-functionality, high efficiency, energy saving and better price are the main factors for selecting dryers. 1 Select according to the heat source mode, and choose multi-energy dryers such as electricity, diesel oil, kerosene, solar energy, straw, etc. according to local energy conditions to increase adaptability. The first three are relatively common, the greenhouse solar drying system is close to the natural dry state, the dry food has good taste, does not pollute the food and the environment, and the cost is low. However, the system investment is high and it is greatly affected by climate change. It is only suitable for long lighting hours. Regional; Sichuan Province Agricultural Machinery Extension Station and Provincial Agricultural Machinery Research Institute developed a multi-warehouse mobile circulating straw gas grain dryer, which provides straw heat source, dry room compartment storage grain, four sets of independent single-cycle device, effectively solved Separate household drying and removable drying problems. 2 According to function selection, one machine can be used for multiple purposes. In addition to drying food, it can also be used to bake many kinds of agricultural products such as rapeseed, Chinese herbal medicines, starch, etc., with functions such as sterilization and disinfection; dryers should have automatic computer control system. Moisture detection, drying speed, grain temperature, grain amount, outside temperature change, drying temperature correction, combustion temperature, scheduled shutdown, constant moisture shut down, and other security protection controls are performed by computers, all under the control of the people, which is effective for controlling the grain. The quality, taste, explosion waist, energy saving and consumption reduction play a crucial role. For example, the gold agricultural machinery and the dryer of Shanghai Sanjiu Company have superior performance. 3 Capacity model selection, model size is determined by the conditions and scale of agricultural production, China's farmers are scattered, small scale, small dryer has a stronger adaptability. Although large-capacity models have the advantages of cheaper price and less floor space, they also have the following disadvantages: they have a long charging time, a shorter drying time in a day, and a lower working efficiency; they have less charge and cannot be uniformly dried, and their combustion efficiency decreases; Failures will affect the drying of the entire batch of grain; higher maintenance and commissioning costs. Therefore, drying a large number of grains should generally be configured by multi-unit online installation. The quality and germination rate of low-temperature circulating dried cereals are not affected. It is an ideal drying method for seeding and high-quality grains. Generally, the drying rate (dehydration rate per hour) should be lower than 0.8%; for disaster-recovery, conventional rations Drying of feed grains can be selected with higher drying speeds.
3. Exploring appropriate operating mechanisms To adapt to the reality of long-term implementation of the household contract production system in rural China and improve the utilization and effectiveness of mechanized drying equipment, the following business models are recommended: First, professional households or professional service companies. Adopting government subsidies or demonstrations to develop specialized drying households and professional joint households, focusing on the promotion of small-scale multi-functional mobile dryers, gradually forming professional agricultural machinery service companies, and supporting cross-regional operations with the combine harvesters to conduct socialization and professionalization. Serialization and standardization services are effective ways to realize mechanization under the double-layer management system. They are flexible and can be used to run villages and lanes. When drying, they can sort and measure one household with the same variety of grain or other economic crops. After the moisture content and quality, it is concentrated and dried. After drying, it is distributed to each household and bears the costs. The second is to establish a grain cooperation bank for production areas in accordance with the basic requirements of cooperation and mutual assistance, substituting for storage, and operation of the market. Use the storage facilities of the grain department or the base facilities of agricultural (machine) service centers to purchase large- and medium-sized drying and storage equipment, sign grain savings contracts with peasants, and collect and measure moisture and weighed quantities of wet grains in farmers' hands. Drying, sub-variety storage. Farmers are responsible for dry and storage management fees. Farmers use grain storage certificates to withdraw food at any time. When money is required, they can also withdraw cash at the contract or market price. It can not only improve the utilization rate of dry storage equipment, but also effectively avoid the loss of drying and warehousing of separate households and relieve the worries of farmers. The third is to establish a grain drying processing and sales center. A new type of agricultural co-operative or professional cooperative management organization has been established on the basis of complete voluntarism and mutual benefit among farmers, and has the functions of pre-production, post-production and post-natal services. Uniformly establish one or more grain drying processing and sales points by agricultural cooperatives to form an integrated production and sales center. Agricultural cooperatives are not like private companies aiming at making profits. They don't like government departments can do gratuitous services. They are based on the principle of commodity exchange and use the benefits of their members or members as their basic purpose. They are the representatives of farmers and they are in cooperatives. , The production link is a one-man business, there is only quality competition between each other, there is no price competition, pre-production, post-natal services, especially the drying, processing, and sales links are the cooperatives responsible for the operation, the members in accordance with the promise when joining the meeting All of its products are handed over to the cooperatives, and the mechanized screening, grading, drying, processing, packaging and sales are carried out according to uniform standards. Cooperative members share the various costs of the processing process, and then share profits according to the situation of each person sold. If you lose money, share it. This form can effectively achieve the goal of improving the farmers' ability to resist market risks, increase the level of agricultural industrialization, and maximize the benefits.
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