The strongest museum in the world’s security system is the Forbidden City.

Shan Yuxiang, director of the Palace Museum. He graduated from the School of Architecture of Tsinghua University and studied under Professor Wu Liangyi, a famous architect in China. Served as the Director of the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Cultural Relics and the Director of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage. In September of this year, at the Hong Kong Conference of the International Cultural Relic Restoration Society 2014, Sarah Steinforth, president of the International Association for the Restoration of Cultural Relics, awarded the Forbes Award, the highest academic award in the world heritage protection profession to Shan Yixiang. He is the first Chinese to receive this honor. Profile picture

Forbidden City Zhongzheng Temple Area

The world of the Forbidden City, the Forbidden City of the world

Speaker: Shan Xiangxiang

Whenever you mention famous museums in the world, everyone will think of these: the British Museum in England; the Louvre in France; the Metropolitan Museum in the United States; and the Hermitage Museum in Russia, also known as the Winter Palace. Some people even said that they are the world's four major museums, and I think they overlooked an important museum, the National Palace Museum in China.

The land of the Forbidden City is a land filled with stories. There were 24 emperors living here in the Ming and Qing dynasties. On October 10, 1925, the gates of the Forbidden City opened suddenly. Under the witness of more than 3,000 celebrities, the Forbidden City Museum was written on the gate of the Forbidden City.

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Today's Palace Museum has three world-class cultural resources. The first one is the ancient buildings made up of 9,000 houses. Everyone knows that Beijing has a clear city axis, a total of 7.8 kilometers from Yongding Gate to the Bell Tower. The most important group of buildings is the Forbidden City ancient buildings because of the existence of the Forbidden City and its surrounding cultural relics and monuments. Beijing's urban center shows the difference in the pattern of city centers with other capitals in the world.

Every day we walk in the Forbidden City. Through reading the materials, we will know that many stories have happened in many places around us. Everyone may see the emperor sitting in the Golden Temple Hall in the drama and marching in the palace. I can tell you responsibly that these are absolutely joking. The emperor of the Ming Dynasty was in the doorway of the Taihe Gate in the early morning dynasty. The emperor of the Qing dynasty had been in the doorway of the Qiangqingmen in the early morning dynasty. He had never sat in the emperor of the king of the golden dynasty palace. The emperor was very hard and got up very early. . This is our first important world-class cultural resource. It is listed in the World Cultural Heritage List.

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The second resource of the Forbidden City is our collection. Twelve years ago, when my predecessor, President Dean Cheng Yan-yin, was the dean, if you asked him how many cultural relics the National Palace Museum had, he could not answer. But two years ago, on the first day of my work at the Palace Museum, I could tell exactly how many cultural relics collections in our National Palace Museum were 1,807,558 sets, with all zeros. Why can I speak out, and Dean Zheng can not say it? Because before I came, Dean Zheng Xinxuan had led the staff of the Forbidden City to spend 7 years carrying out an arduous cultural relic clearing work. This is the most comprehensive and thoroughly cleansing artifact of the Forbidden City in history. Each piece and it The information cards correspond to each other, so accurate figures are obtained. Today, these cultural relics are divided into 69 categories. For example, we have 53,000 paintings, and we are familiar with the map of Qianli Jiangshan, Wuniu, Fuchun Mountain, Han Xizai's Night Banquet, and Qingming Shanghe Diagram. There are 75,000 pieces of law books. The well-known Lan Tingxu, Mid-Autumn Festival Post, and Boyuan Post are all important collections. There are 28,000 rubbings, which together add up to 156,000 pieces. These are unparalleled paper artifacts.

The Forbidden City is also the largest museum with a collection of bronzes. There are a total of 160,000 pieces. I think the most precious of these are the 1,670 bronze wares with the inscriptions of the pre-Qin period. The jade ware is also the pride of the collection of the Palace Museum. It is unearthed in the jade of the Hongshan culture in Northeast China, unearthed in the jade of Zhejiang Liangzhu Culture, and there is an ancient collection of ancient Jade articles of the Lingjiatan culture in Anhui. , Through the Imperial Palace's jade collection can be connected in series. The Forbidden City is a museum with the largest collection of ceramics, and 367,000 pieces of ceramics are astronomical figures. They are basically produced in the official kiln porcelain of Jingdezhen. Before I went to work at the Palace Museum, I didn't think that the Imperial Palace had so many collections of embroidery. By consulting the data, there were three weaving areas in Jiangning, Suzhou, and Hangzhou. At the most, 7,000 people performed embroidery and costumes for the palace. In the inventory of the Forbidden City, 180000 pieces of embroidery were collected today.

Unlike museums in the United Kingdom, such as the British Museum, the Louvre Museum, and the Metropolitan Museum, many of the artifacts of other countries are unknown. But the Forbidden City is an exception. We have collected tens of thousands of cultural relics from foreign countries, but all of them come from a clear road. They are brought together from overseas trade, commodity exchanges, and embassies. For example, Western clocks and watches, the Forbidden City is actually the world's largest collection of Western clocks, the best quality of a museum, because at that time some countries in the West, especially the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Switzerland, will be their finest Western clocks as a gift To the emperor of the East. Emperor Qianlong was very fond of Western clocks, but he only saw its ingenuity, and he did not see the potential threats to the Qing dynasty behind the development of technology.

There are also 42,000 religious relics in the Forbidden City, including 23,000 statues of Buddhas, 7,000 rituals and 1970 18th-century Thangkas. Wu Jiyi is a ceremonial equipment used for the grand ceremony and celebration of the Taihe Dian, plus a total of 33,000 pieces of Zhonghe Yile. It is a large scale. There were altogether 50060 empresses and empresses, and the biggest one I saw was the one that Emperor Qianlong had used to do with Hetian jade at the age of 85. One person could not lift it.

As we all know, cultural relics with text are more important than cultural relics without texts. Therefore, the 33,000 inscriptions that the Imperial Palace holds are very important. What does the 1,807,558 sets of cultural objects formed by the above cultural relics mean? I have been the National Director of Cultural Heritage for 10 years, so I understand the significance of it for the National Museum Collection. Today there are more than 4,160 museums in the country, and there are a total of 4.01 million pieces of precious cultural relics (that is, first-, second-, and third-grade cultural relics) of national grade. There are 1.68 million state-level precious cultural relics collected in the National Palace Museum, accounting for 41.98% of the country's precious cultural relics, which is 1/3 strong. Less than 1/2 of the precious cultural relics are collected in a museum in the Forbidden City.

Museums around the world are almost pyramid-shaped collections. The top of the tower is the treasure of the town hall, precious cultural relics, the waist is a large amount of general cultural relics, the bottom is the information to be studied and pending. The Palace Museum is an exception. It is an inverted pyramid, which is 93.2% of precious cultural relics. Today, our collection of cultural relics is still gathering and gathering. For example, ten years ago, we purchased three books and paintings. The first one cost 12 million yuan, which was collected from the Bohai Art Auction Company by Zhang Xian's "The Shiyan Map"; the second was Mi Fu's "Yan Shanming." The third piece was the director of the Cultural Heritage Appraisal Committee, Mr. Qi Gong, a professor at Beijing Normal University, and Zhu Jiameng, a member of the National Palace Museum, and Meng Wei (12).晗壬 颐 颐 颐 醇 醇 醇 醇 醇 醇 醇 醇 獭 獭 獭 獭 獭 獭 獭 獭 獭 獭 獭 獭 非 非 非 非 非 非 非 非 非 非 非 非? Michelin's "Yanshan Ming" is highly recommended by Qi Gong.

Today, the principle of the Forbidden City is this: If contemporary artists want to donate their works to the Palace Museum, we adopt a more cautious attitude. The National Palace Museum set three rules. First, it must be the arts people. Second, the artist must donate his representative work. Third, no matter how big the artist is, he must not donate more than ten works. We hope that 600 years later, the collections of the Palace Museum will remain an inverted pyramid. It is still the best artwork of each period. World-class museums should leave room for collections of other museums.

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The third resource of the Forbidden City, I think, is the lovely audience of the Forbidden City, but the growth rate of the number of viewers is also very terrible. Twelve years ago in 2002, the audience of the Forbidden City exceeded 7 million for the first time. At that time, the largest museum in the world was the Louvre in France. After 10 years, the audience of the Forbidden City surpassed 14 million in just over a decade. In recent years, it has been between 14 million and 15 million baht. The reception of 40,000 spectators and 80,000 spectators every day is not the same. If you receive 180,000 spectators, a huge flow of people will enter the Meridian Gate. 80% of the spectators will walk forward and see the emperor. Where to sit and go forward to see where the emperor lies, and then go forward to see the Imperial Garden and go out of the palace. When the audience goes out, some of the audience will say, Hey, how did you not see the exhibition of cultural relics of the Palace Museum?

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Today we have three visions. The first is to hand over the magnificent Forbidden City to the next 600 years. The Forbidden City was built in 1420 during the reign of the Emperor Yongle. From the next 6 years to 2020, the Forbidden City will pass its 600th birthday. We hope that when the day comes, the Forbidden City will be more splendid and complete.

First of all, we continued to carry out renovations of cultural relics, which have been carried out for 13 years. The restoration of cultural relics in the Forbidden City has undergone a very arduous process. It is a large-scale repair carried out without closing the door in one day. In particular, 13 foreign units entrenched in the Forbidden City occupied many of our yards. Dean Zheng Xinyi invited them one by one.

The renovation of cultural relics will, on the one hand, prolong the life span of cultural relics buildings; on the other hand, it will increase the open area. Before the construction of cultural relics was completed in 2002, the scope of the Forbidden City opened to the audience was only 30%. This year, some buildings such as Cining Palace, Dafo Hall and Shoukang Palace were completed. We have increased the open area to 52%. The year was 90 years after the founding of the National Palace Museum. I increased the open area to 65%, and raised it to 76% the following year, and to 80% by 2020.

The Forbidden City also has to carry out environmental rectification. At the beginning of last year, we carried out three clean-ups. The first one was to clear the stone components scattered in dozens of courtyards in the Forbidden City.

The second clean-up is to clean up scattered windows and doors. Because of the need for openness, the Forbidden City removed some doors and windows 20 or 30 years ago and placed it in dozens of houses. It took a long time to get there.

The third is to clean the cabinets and bins. The Forbidden City built underground warehouses. After hundreds of thousands of cultural relics were put into storage, the boxes used in the year were left on the ground. We thoroughly cleaned these boxes and established three boxes of warehouses, which saved more than 600 Ming and Qing dynasties. Period box.

Fives

The second item is the implementation of the 'Peaceful Palace Project'. After six months of investigation, we found that there are currently seven hidden dangers. The first is the fire hazard, which is the most terrible; the second is the hidden danger of stealing; the third is the hidden danger of earthquake disaster; the fourth is the hidden corrosion hazard of the collection; the fifth is the hidden danger of the warehouse; the sixth is the municipal administration. The pipeline is leaking hidden dangers; the seventh is the hidden danger of audience safety. For these seven hidden dangers, the text of the “Peace Palace Museum” project was compiled and a total of seven subprojects were completed. The leadership of the State Council approved.

Build a new system of security precautions for the National Palace Museum. I dares to say responsibly that the most powerful security system in museums around the world today is the Palace Museum. Why are we the most advanced? Because other museums do not have so many courtyards, there are not so many lanes, and we must need a complicated system that can guarantee that every piece of our collection, every part can alarm when changing conditions. Intelligent collection warehouse, temperature, humidity are controllable.

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Protection of cultural relics in hospital collections. The restoration of cultural relics of the Forbidden City is world-class in many respects, such as the restoration and repair of ancient calligraphy and painting, which was passed down by many generations. Like the restoration of Tang Sancai, the repair of porcelain, and the restoration of the lacquer wares of the Forbidden City all possess very good techniques. When I first arrived, I saw an expert repairing a piece of lacquer ware. After a few months, he was still repairing the lacquer ware. I asked how long it took him to make the lacquer ware. He said that the ninja was 7 months. A total of 19,000 pieces of lacquerware were repaired by many generations, so restoration of artifacts is a very difficult process. The Guanggu People’s repairs are obviously not enough, especially some large-scale cultural relics. It requires the inheritance of skills. So we consulted the list of inheritors of intangible cultural heritage announced by the state today and found that many people’s ancestors and masters are in the Qing Palace. In the office, some of the masters who are striving to master the skills are introduced. Therefore, we introduce their descendants to the Forbidden City. Last year we introduced 47 inheritors of intangible heritage.

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