The Connotation, Composition and Value of Social Public Power Xu Jing* Abstract The social public power is the branch of public power corresponding to the state's public power; its origin in social internal governance is a representation of social autonomy. The separation of government and society and the promotion of social organization are new propositions put forward by the state for public governance. In the new era of the dual division of state and society and the governance of government and society, social public power has been highlighted in politics by a new form of power. stage. The operation of the power and the organization of the organization have very different rules or laws from the state's public power. In the effective interaction between power and rights between the autonomous harmony of autonomy and regulation, social public power and national public power are intertwined. A new chapter in pluralism and co-construction.
First, the issue is met and the fate of them is monitored. . . . Although such a government is willing to benefit the people, it seeks to make itself the sole agent and sole arbitrator of happiness; although it provides people with the necessary safety to foresee and ensure that people have access to life, People's happiness, dealing with people's concerns, guiding people's efforts to stipulate the inheritance of people's property and assigning people's heritage, but this is not to let people not think about it and not to worry about the trivial livelihoods. The real problem is. "1. Tocqueville's passage vividly depicts the real picture of the government's comprehensive intervention in social politics and economic life during the Western Welfare States. It also contains such an anxiety: excessive government intervention will bring crisis to the country. History *Dr. Lecturer, School of Law, Central South University, Postdoctoral Researcher, Management Engineering and Science, Central South University. This article is a general project of the Ministry of Education for Humanities and Social Sciences (13YJC820085), Hunan Provincial Philosophy and Social Science General Project (12YBA320), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Phased research results of the funded project (2012M521533) and the basic research project of the central university (2102QNZT189).
1 Tocville. Quoted from Friedrich von Hayek's Principles of Free Order, translated by Deng Zhenglai, Sanlian Bookstore, 1997, p. 1.
China's jurisprudence proves that although the welfare state and its system of restraint can largely alleviate the crisis of "market failure" under the conditions of free capitalism, the government also has the possibility of "failure" in the government where its drawbacks exist. The rapid increase in public management costs, the low management efficiency, and the breeding of state power rent-seeking phenomena have made the government “crisis.†The market failure has turned to the government’s “government failure†family depends on society; social organization and The group emerged at this time and played a huge role in filling the public sphere that the "national hand" could not reach or interfere with.
This is a summary of Western experience through socially assisted state governance. If we turn our attention to the country, we can easily find that the reshaping effect of the social structure of reform and opening up in the 1970s and 1980s is very obvious. The functional evacuation of the state is not limited to the economic field. The government does not provide any other areas of society. Or no longer have the ability to provide unified, direct management and services. In this context, many existing or new social organizations have a prominent role. They not only interact internally, but also extend their behavior to the traditional role of state power: the “cradle to grave care†originally provided by the executive. In the present, social organizations play an auxiliary role. Public domain governance has changed from a simple state monopoly to a state-society cooperation. In a certain sense, it can be said that the use of market and social forces to implement public management has become an irreversible development trend. Based on this report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it elaborates on the construction of social organizations and clearly states that "strengthening social construction is an important guarantee for social harmony and stability" guides the healthy and orderly development of social organizations and gives full play to the basic role of the masses in participating in social management. "2 The decision of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was further pointed out, "inspiring the vitality of social organizations. Correctly handle government and social relations, speed up the implementation of political and social separation, Yajin social organizations have clear powers and responsibilities, self-government according to law, and play a role. Public services and solutions that are suitable for social organizations are left to the social organization. "3. Opening up the veil of social organization to assist the state's administrative governance, we can easily find that there is a power phenomenon that is different from the state's public power, but closely related to the state's public power. The social public power is born in social autonomy. Corresponding to the national public power is the expansion of state power to society. For this new type of power phenomenon, the current theoretical research mainly focuses on political science, philosophy, sociology, jurisprudence and other scholars, mostly from the national and social duality. Dividing the perspective of civil society and participation in democracy as an analytical tool to trace the origin of social public power, the context of development, the relationship between public power and state public power, and the unique role of social public power in modern government governance; 4 but in this study China's social public power and social power and state power have not been well-defined. 5 Even in the 2nd report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, VII. Strengthening social construction in improving people's livelihood and innovating social management.
3 See the decision of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee to “13. Innovative Social Governance Systemâ€.
4 See Guo Daohui, “Social Power and Civil Societyâ€, Phoenix Publishing and Media Group, Yilin Press, 2009; Deng Zhenglai, Alexandre Editor, National and Civil Society: A Research Path of Social Theory, Central Compilation Press, 2002; He Zengke, Citizen Society and the Third Sector, Social Science Press, 2000 edition; Kang Xiaoguang, Editor-in-Chief, The Transfer of Power: The Change of China's Power Pattern during the Transition Period, Zhejiang People's Publishing House, 1999 Edition, etc.
5 Whether the term “social public power†is an imported item is worthy of further discussion. At least in the Western database, the author typed the search beach with publicsocialpower to find the corresponding; while in the name of socialpower, most of them elaborated on state power, or power from the society (public and private did not have a boundary). Seeing the empirical study of the role of the president of the Chinese court. Some scholars say that the actual reference of the social power in China is the state power. Of course, some scholars put forward the "three-point method of public power" from the perspective of the subject of public power, that is, the state public power and social public power. And the international public power, but also did not make a special, systematic and detailed theory on the power composition, operational rules and related legal relations of social public power. This paper aims to explore the connotation, components and values ​​of social public power in the legal sense from the perspective of jurisprudence and administrative law.
Second, the legal connotation of social public power, public power, public power (a) power, public power, the more public and private boundaries, so that the types of democracy are more and more the same; 9 in the current law or political science, sociology The type of power in the encyclopedia is different from the angle of observation. From the perspective of power content, Montesquieu divided power into legislative power, judicial power and administrative power in the 18th century, and thus laid the theoretical foundation of the organizational structure of "three powers separation" in modern countries; from the perspective of power source See, Michael Man argues that there are four types of power: ideological power, economic power, military power, and political power. From the perspective of external representation of power, Joseph Nye proposed the distinction between "soft power" and "hard power"; This kind of thing is different. Here, the author does not want to entangle in the number of types of power, but only from the research needs of this paper, based on the field of power existence; divide power into public power and private power: 6 such as Qi Yue’s theory of social power Although the book is directly named after social power, it is actually a study of the issue of state power. He believes that "in class society, social power is a compulsory state power"; (See Qi Yue, "Social Power Theory", Ningxia People's Publishing House, 2000, pp. 17, 19. Another example is Zhang Ming in "Rural Social Power" The actual research in the change of structure and cultural structure (1903-1951) is rural politics, and the social power involved refers to the state power that plays a role in the process of rural change. (See Zhang Ming, “The Rural Social Power Structure and Cultural Structure†Changes, Guangxi People's Publishing House, 2001 edition.
7 According to the author's full test, the use of the term “social public power†in China originated from the field of ethnology research. Researcher Zhou Yong of the Institute of Ethnic Studies of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences believes that “revenge is a legitimate right in the society of the first people to suffer from others. A self-reliance method usually adopted when infringement is a system that human beings initially tried to protect their own interests and maintain social order in the absence of social public power." Zhou Yong, "The First People's Social Dispute Mediation Act" In addition to state power, public power also includes social public power plus the power of social self-governing organizations to exercise their members and social self-governing organizations authorized by law or the state 8 Max Weber, "The History of Civilization - Weber's Anthology" Huang Xianqi, Zhang Xiaolin, Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore, 1988 edition, page 10.
Soft power is the attraction of cultural attraction, ideology or political value and the ability to shape international rules and determine the political agenda. Hard power is generally the "private" of Chinese legal power. The private power is only a theoretical term. The answer to the concept that actually exists is affirmative.
Historically, whether it is the Xia Shang Zhou of the slave society or the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties of the feudal empire, the history of the dynasty of the Chinese dynasty is actually a centralization of the history of private rights. In essence, the emperor’s personal monopoly Under the circumstances, the land of the land is not the king of the king. The power at this time is private power and royal private power. Although the central or local bureaucrats exercise certain powers, these powers are directly or indirectly derived from the emperor’s one person or one family. They “can be free from the restrictions of ordinary law and can exchange his crimes with his official position, as if he were a private slave. Property goes to redemption."
From the modern society, private power as a de facto dominance mainly exists between parents and children, husband and wife, employers and employees, private companies such as large companies and small companies, and is the power of the private sector. Such powers are generally not questioned by the public and the law because the exercise is limited to a specific scope, does not violate the prohibition of the law, violates the public order, and does not adversely affect or damage the members outside the scope.
Public power corresponding to private power is the cornerstone of public law. In traditional public law theory, people often confuse the three concepts of power, public power and state public power; in fact, public power is only a branch of power. The power that exists in the public domain is the power that the public subject is entrusted by the public. 'Public entrustment' is the justification basis for the exercise of public power, and it is also one of the important attributes that distinguish public power from private power. Since the public sphere has national, social and international boundaries, public power can be divided into national public power and society. Public power and international public power: National public power is the most basic and most important type of public power. It is accompanied by the state and plays a pillar role in the process of building the national organization. It is also a tool for the state to realize its basic functions. The country differs from the important standards of the original Yi people. 1 The difference between the home and the old Yi organization is that it divides its nationals by region... The second difference is the establishment of public power. It is no longer directly in line with the residents who organize themselves as armed forces. This special public power is needed because, since the social division into class, the Book of Songs Xiaoya Beishan.
Qi Tongzu, "Chinese Law and Chinese Society", Zhonghua Book Company, 1981, p. 218.
Some scholars believe that the power form of the power dissimilation or rent-seeking after the power of the private, the 'money-transaction', the 'the smuggling of the public' is also in the category of private power. (See Yu Zhong, "Power in the Perspective of Legal Culture", Shandong People's Publishing House, 2004, p. 46.) However, the author believes that after the alienation of public power, the power of public power is not changed by the illegal or illegal “exclusive†of its exercisers; after alienation or rent-seeking The public power is the public power that is illegally exercised, and it is the public power that should be disciplined by law and pursue legal responsibility. The division of public power and private power is based on its original existence field, and the final result of a specific behavior is promoted. The public interest or the acquisition of private benefits can not change the essence of its power (in fact, many private power entities in modern society have also made many contributions to social welfare. At this time, public welfare is only the incidental effect of the part of the private power, not the whole The purpose or purpose of sexual acts. The responsibility of the public authority after the alienation of power is still the responsibility of public power.
The empirical study of the role of the president of the Chinese court is no longer possible for the automatic armed organization of the residents... This kind of public power exists in every country, not only armed people, but also material attachments, such as Prisons and various compulsory institutions are not available in the former Yi society. "State organs at all levels are the carrier of the state's public power. The state's public power has legislative, administrative, and judicial divisions in the horizontal direction. There are central and local differences in the vertical direction; national public power and other forms of public power. The key difference is that the main body of the family is a monopoly authority with legal violence tools.
Social public power is the form of public power originally formed by the human community. After the emergence of the state's public power, this power has gradually declined, and even was swallowed up by the state's public power in a certain period of time; but history has developed to modern times. With the development of the market economy, the "national-social" integration situation has been broken. The separation of civil society organizations and social diversification from the state has made it difficult for the government's power and ability to meet the material and cultural needs of the people's beneficial growth and the power needs of participating in the political management of the country. The government is overburdened and forced to The public power of some countries has once again “highlighted†on the stage of national governance. The emergence of social public power is “a partial symbol of the disintegration of the national mythology means that the power from the masses will be returned to the masses... and also represents the civil society’s leadership over the past. The political power of development and the reorientation of economic power estimate that the “social public power is†a collective force outside the country. Although this force is subject to the influence of the state, it can play its regulatory role more diversely. "Because the following is a detailed analysis of the constituent elements of the power source power of the power subject, it will not be repeated here.
International public power is an extension of the state's public power in the international arena. In the 1980s and 1990s, with the enhancement of the trend of economic globalization and the breakthrough development and dissemination of science and technology, the interdependence between countries has been strengthened. This has not only greatly expanded the space of the international community, but also the entire human race. The common destiny is closely linked; the national public power within a country has been unable to take all public affairs powers on its own and thus further extend to the international community, as the former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan said, “National sovereignty is from its most fundamental significance. It is said that the order of the emergence of public power and public power in the country is theoretically controversial. This is essentially the first state, or the first society. Before the emergence of state power, the rule of the leader of the Yi nationality is not the basis of power. In the previous analysis of the nature of power, the author believes that the rule of the leader in the Yi society is power, and the category of social public power belonging to the primitive society originates from the rights of the members of the Yi people and is exercised for the common interests of the Yi people. The exercise of procedures and rules. The state's public power is the public power of the Yi society can not solve its own crisis In order to make these opposites, these conflicting classes of economic interests do not destroy themselves and society in the struggle. There is a need for a force that is above the society. This force should ease the conflict. JB conflicts remain within the scope of 'order'. This power that arises from society but is self-reliant and separated from society is the state. "(Preface, Marx, Engels, p. 166.
Xin Zhu, "Welcome to the Advent of the Age of Social Power", Xu Zhengguang, Zhang Xiaochun, Xiao Xinhuang, "Self-relief ‧ Taiwan Social Criticism", Kaohsiung Dunri Press, 1987, pp. 3-5.
10 Emil Durkheim's "Suicide Theory" Feng Yunwen translation, Shangluo Press, 1996 edition, p. 230.
The influence of globalization and internationalization of Chinese jurisprudence has been redefined. ... Our concept of national sovereignty is no longer the same as in the past. “The establishment of international organizations through consultations between countries (such as the International Red Cross, the World Conservation Fund, the World Health Against Nuclear War, Greenpeace, Doctors Without Borders, World Women’s Congress, Amnesty International, etc.) Certain powers, coordinate international disputes, strengthen international cooperation, and solve global or regional problems that cannot be solved by the power of a country. International public power, as the connection point between the contradictions of modern countries that are independent and interdependent, is the initiative of the state. The characterization of the necessary restrictions on one's own power, the voluntary recognition of the existence of international public power is to ensure that all sovereign states live in harmony within the entire global village, which is increasingly dependent on each other, to maintain a peaceful and stable international order.
(II) Social Extension of Social Public Power Public Power At the moment when public administration reform is steadily advancing, administrative territory is gradually expanding, and administrative law paradigm is quietly changing, the public power of the conference has entered a theoretical field as a new type of power and has formed many studies. Results; but it is not difficult to find out behind the "academic prosperity" of scholars. The scholars pay more attention to the case and micro phenomenon of social public power, that is, the operation or rules of the specific organizational form of public power in public administration. However, the lack of nuanced examination of the overall concept of social public power scholars at most refers to the social public power when it comes to the dual division of state-society, civil society or public power.
However, it is undeniable that some scholars believe that the concept of "social public power" approximates that "social power is the social entity's dominance of society with its own social resources. Social resources include material resources (people, money, things, Capital, information, science and technology, cultural industries, etc. and spiritual resources (human rights and legal rights, moral customs, social public opinion, ideology, popular opinion, public opinion, etc.) also include various social groups (nations, classes, strata, various interest groups). Etc.), social organizations (political parties, people's organizations, various community organizations, enterprises and institutions, various industry associations and other non-governmental organizations), social special forces (religions, clan, gangs, etc.). "As Dr. Zhong Ruiyou thinks," Social power is the power that relies on social organizations (such as non-profit organizations) and social public affairs. It includes autonomy, confrontational power and participation, and cooperative power. Among them, the power authorized by law and the power authorized by law are social power. The main composition of the author. Here I try to understand the "power" and "public power" and supplement it with etymology. The interpretation of the concept of "social" in sociology makes a brief analysis of social public power as follows: In China, the earliest appearance of "social" in ancient books is that the word "she" refers to the earth god of a certain residential area. The altar or portrait of God and the sacrifices. The Book of Rites "Cloud" is a memorial to the earth and the main silverware is also ... Society, so the Shinto Way 10 "The Challenges of Global Security", in "News" December 28, 1999 .
Formerly cited 4 Guo Daohui book page 54.
Zhong Ruiyou, “The Expansion of Social Power in Transitional Period and the Public Regulationsâ€, Peking University, Ph.D., 2006, pp. 42 and 9.
Li Bo's "The Origin and Function of Marxist Terminology in Chinese", Zhao Qian, Wang Cao, Ge Pingzhu Translated by the Chinese Social Science Press, 2003, the 108th Chinese Court President's role in the empirical study also "because the earth god altar in ancient times China is the center of every residential area. Therefore, the extension of the term “social†extends to a township that worships the same god. “Society†and “hui†are the earliest words in the Six Dynasties. "Complementary confession," "Wang Shuzhi, seven years old, mourning mother and mother to the community to die in the neighborhood, repairing the social uncle, feeling the death of the mother, mourning, and the neighbors for the death. "At this time, the 'society' already has the meaning of 'assembly'. In the Song Dynasty, it has the connotation of 'association', 'organization', and 'secular group'. "Cheng Wei teaches the people of Jincheng... The villagers have been persuading and shameful for the society to identify good and evil. The term "social" in the modern sense is the society in which the scholars from the West are also called "society groups." Studying the science of the theory of the people, it is also called sociology.
According to this, it is not difficult to see that the word "social" has been a group of a certain number of people since ancient times in China, that is, "group", "association" and "organization". But this is only the concept of "society" in the broad sense. In this paper, the "social" of social public power only takes its narrow sense, that is, the "social" corresponding to the "state". In Western political science or legal works, it is generally translated as "civilsociety". "There are some scholars who have pointed out that "society" - the word was originally used to describe the order of a spontaneously generated human relationship in order to distinguish it from a specially designed state organization when we talk about social power 'or 'social structure' For example, language and customs, or those rights that are gradually recognized as opposed to deliberately granted rights, we still use the term in its original meaning. The purpose is to show that these things are not the product of a personal will. It is the result of countless personal and accidental behaviors from generation to generation. That is to say, society is not the product of rational and logical reasoning. It is not the result of intentional design of human beings for a certain purpose, but rather the establishment and acceptance of the state. "Organization" is distinguished from "the power that is completely unaffected by human desires" and "structure."
Social public power is the organizational power that is formed by a certain number of people and whose members finally transfer their rights according to a specific purpose.
2. Social public power: The power society that serves the interests of society is not only the collection of people but also the aggregation of resources. It is the relative possession of various material resources of the organization except the state monopoly, and it forms with the state by virtue of this possession. Forces counterbalance; a series of conceptual, organizational and material conditions have led to the overall assembly of various non-state forces in society. At the same time, the extensive and effective assembly of such resources lays the foundation for the dominance and management of the members of the organization and objectively forms the so-called "ruling" and "governance". If such governance and governance serve the "private benefits" of the organization Then, its subject identity is "private" and its power is also "private power"; as long as it does not violate the law, the exercise of private power is a legitimate, free home that allows or even encourages private entities to use private power for legitimate interests. This kind of "ruling" and "governance" is for a certain group or * "Book of the Suburbs".
* Xu Jialu, editor of "Twenty-four History Translation: Song History No. 15", Chinese Dictionary Dictionary, 2004, p. 9276.
Wang Rongbao and Ye Wei compiled "Xin Er Ya" Shanghai Mingquan Society 1903 edition, p. 63.
Friedrich von Hayek, Hayek's Selected Works, Feng Keli, translated by Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 2007, p. 253.
Friedrich von Hayek's "Economy, Science and Politics - The Essence of Hayek's Thoughts" translated by Feng Keli, translated by the People's Publishing House of Jiangsu People's Publishing House in 2000, is the social interest service in the field of Chinese law. The public's power is of course in the category of public power.
The social interest is that the public interest within the social group corresponds to the national interest and is the subordinate concept of the public interest. The public interest is not the same as the common and common interests of all the people. According to the size of its existence, it can be divided into two kinds of national interests and social interests. The former is the satisfaction of a country's political rule and focuses on the political interests of the country. It mainly refers to the interests of the ruling class; the latter mainly pursues economic interests and cultural interests for the purpose of safeguarding social autonomy, and does not exclude the state's willing interference. In the case of a high degree of integration between society and the state, social interests and national interests overlap. In the case of a relatively separate society and state, interests and national interests represent different areas of interest, but they are all subordinate to the public interest. Specifically, the social interests that serve the purpose of the exercise of social public power organizations mainly include: (1) peace and security of public order; (2) health, safety and efficiency of economic order; (3) rationality of social resources and opportunities (4) the interests of the weak in society (such as consumer interests in the market competitive society, the interests of laborers, etc.); (5) the maintenance of public morality; (6) the conditions for the development of human civilization (such as public education, Of course, social public power may take the initiative to pay attention to and influence other interests (such as national interests and the personal interests of other citizens) in order to achieve the social interests of the group in the course of operation. The manifestation of the "public character" of power; and the development of social economy also requires these organizations to go beyond the limitations of the group's vision to pay more attention to the general interests of society while striving for their own interests.
3. Social public power: the power to provide "quasi-public products" is the natural provider of public goods, but the transfer of state power to society caused by "government failure" transfers the right to supply some public goods and the society. It is necessary in any social and social community because people need public bodies to provide public goods. But the public body is not equal to the government. The government is not the only public body. Public goods 'can be provided by the government, but also by other public bodies - Provided by social self-governing organizations." Public goods have the distinction of “pure public goods†(pure public goods) and “quasi-publicgoodsâ€; social public power provides not “pure public goods†but “quasi-public productsâ€.
The marginal cost of the membership has been extended to all members of society, such as defense, legislation, basic scientific research, etc.; and "quasi-public products" are non-competitive (also known as "club products") or Although it is competitive in consumption but cannot effectively exclude products (also known as "common resources and thin responsibilities", "National Strategy Theory" is quoted from Liu Cui, Tao Pan, "Public Interests", "Initial Theory", Chinese Law Society, Administrative Law Research conference 2004 conference paper.
* Jiang Ming'an, editor of Administrative Law and Administrative Litigation Law, Peking University Press, Higher Education Press, 2011, p. 12.
* In the view of P Samuelson, the founder of modern welfare economics public goods theory, public goods have two basic characteristics: nonexcludability and nonrivalrous consumption; the former means that it is impossible to prevent non-payment. People who pay for public goods without paying any fees for public goods can enjoy the benefits of public goods as well as those who pay the fees; the latter means that a person’s consumption of public goods does not affect the role of the Chinese court president. When the empirical research group expands to a certain number, the marginal cost starts to rise and continues to expand to a certain amount. The marginal cost will become very large or even infinite, such as roads, parks, libraries, schools, buses, public cinemas, etc. "Pure public goods" can only be provided by the state and "quasi-public products" can be provided by social assistance. The provision of "quasi-public products" is the exercise of the power of public power, and it is also the important value of the existence of public power.
4. Social public power: a preliminary summary of a phenomenon. In the previous section, the analysts of the type of "public power" and "social," social welfare, and "public goods" considered that public power is a social organization outside the country. The product "supply" is the influence and power exerted on the members of the organization for the purpose of the realization of the social interests.
Of course, this conclusion of J is not a precise definition of social public power, but a preliminary summary of the phenomenon of public power.
In fact, the same as power, social public power is also a theoretical category of "what is different"; not to mention that the conclusion of any concept can not achieve absolute delay. The phenomenon outside the concept is often not foreseen or covered by the researcher at the conclusion of the concept. of. Therefore, some characteristics of social public power are explained in terms of constituent elements and values ​​as follows to reveal the legal core contained in the power as comprehensively as possible.
III. Investigation on the multi-dimensionality of the constituent elements of social public power (1) The exercise of social public power The main body of the exercise of public power is the social organization outside the state. Non-state is the primary feature of public power and social public power. It is different from the fundamental difference in the nature of the state's public power. With the development of public administration in modern society, more and more public management functions are transferred from the government to non-governmental organizations. “The state directly uses administrative power to achieve administrative goals†becomes “1. Multi-subject participation in rational allocation between the state and society. The scope of public affairs to maximize the public interest to exercise the state's public power is to grasp the state's legislative power, administrative power and the organization of the formation of human association in pure sociology. There are two ways of expressing "social organization" and "community". The term "social organization" and "social organization" is not equal to "community". In 1887, the German sociologist Ferdinandennis first proposed the concept of "community". In the classic work "Community and Society", it pointed out that the community has three basic forms: the blood community, the geography community and the spiritual community, which are respectively relatives. , the neighborhood and the friendship are the bonds; and the community is formed naturally, and the society is unnatural or man-made; the community is a small-scale internalally connected group, and the society is a loosely-connected aggregate of internal relations; The community is ancient and traditional, while society is new and modern. (See Ferdinandennis, "Community and Society - The Basic Concept of Pure Sociology", Lin Rongyuan, Translator's Library, 1999, pp. 54, 65-66.) After Tennessee, Weber's "Community - Society" Further elaboration pointed out that “if the basis of social behavior orientation is the feeling that the participants feel subjectively belong to a whole, then the social relationship should be called 'community'. If the basis of social behavior orientation is rational drive The relationship of interest at this time should be called 'social'. (Max Weber, "The Basic Concepts of Sociology," translated by Hu Jingbei, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2000, pp. 62-63.) Social public power organizations are the aggregation of members' interests, and they are based on careful consideration of members. The product of rationality and combination is obviously different from the organization characterized by relatives, neighbors, and friendship. Therefore, the author believes that the concept of "social organization" is more appropriate.
* Jiang Ming'an, editor of the Administrative Law and Administrative Litigation Law, Peking University Press, Higher Education Press, 1999, p. 2.
The state organs of the legal rights of Chinese law, the exercise of social public power are social organizations other than the above three types of state organs.
Specifically, the differences between the public power and the state's public power at the main level are mainly reflected in the following aspects: (1) Organizational self-management. The main body of public public power has organizational autonomy and self-management within the society. It is generally not directly regulated by the government, but it needs to be regulated by the government when necessary. (2) Members are not official. The members of the public power main body are not part of the national civil servant series and are not subject to the Regulation of the Civil Service Law (at most, refer to the 'Management of the Civil Service Law'), nor do they fulfill the duties and obligations of the national public officials set by other laws, regulations and rules. (3) Funding self-raising. The operating funds of the public power main body generally do not come from the government's financial withdrawal* and are solved by the entity through social fundraising, government funding, and collection of membership fees. (4) Scope of professionalism. The field of public power subject usually has certain professionalism, that is to say, it has unique knowledge or industry advantage at certain levels relative to the state organs, with special human, material, financial, intellectual and other conditions for people in society or specific fields. Provide services and rely on this professional advantage to gain popular support and trust.
But it is worth noting that social public power has the same characteristics as the national public power, that is, non-profit. Non-profit is the basic feature of the social public power organization in the purpose of exercising power. This feature is the commonality of public power. Although the social public power organization only exists in a certain region and represents the common interests of the members of the region without the national public power, the "national will" is self-raised in terms of funding sources, but it does not mean that its power is exercised. It may be for the group to seek personal gains. It must provide public welfare services for the society to solve major or important social problems that the state's public powers neglect or can't take care of. It is not allowed to engage in profit-making production operations, and cannot allocate surplus income. Transform into private property in any form.
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