This century, especially since the 1950s, drilling technology has made rapid progress. China's geological drilling has undergone four stages: initial construction (1949-1952), production development (1953–1960), improvement and sustainable development (1961–1978), and modern drilling production system (1979-1990). After that, its technical level has been close to and partially reached the international level, and some have reached the international advanced or leading level.
1 Status of the international drilling market
Since the mid-to-late 1980s, the international solid mineral geological drilling has been in a low tide period, and the geological core drilling workload in most countries has declined significantly. For example, in 1978, China's core drilling was in a downward trend after hitting an annual workload of 15.697 million m (the site system was 5.442 million m). In 1986, it was less than 10 million m. In 1994, it was only 3.4 million m. The Ministry of Mines has a planned workload of only 269,000 m) and is at the bottom. In 1988, the drilling volume of solid minerals in the former Soviet Union was 25.5 million m. After hitting this record high, it also fell. In 1989 and 1990, it was reduced by 3 million m per year, and in 1996 it was only 1.735 million m. The same is true in Europe and North America. However, in contrast to the global economic downturn in the geological core drilling industry, the drilling industry in Australia, South Africa and parts of Africa and South America was almost at its peak during this period. Australian mine drilling set a new record of 9.5 million m in 1993-1994. South American countries have adopted an open-door policy for several years and formulated new mining investment laws to stimulate the development of the drilling industry: Chile’s drilling workload in 1993 reached an all-time high. In 1997, foreign investment in Chile was US$ 1.627 billion. in 1998, despite the impact of the Asian financial crisis and the decline in international metal prices, foreign mining investment in Chile still maintain growth momentum is expected to reach $ 1.8 billion in 1998; in 1998, Brazil is expected to geological drilling work than the increase in 1997 20%. Gold exploration in South Africa in 1990 for drilling rigs 1800 ~ 4500m hole depth of more than 150, although by 1993 only 25 units working in the field, but its shallow mining of base metals mineral-based drilling is increasing There are thousands of diamond rigs working in the tunnel. The drilling workload in countries such as Zimbabwe and Ghana in Africa has also increased significantly.
2 Some advances in international solid mineral drilling technology
Since the 1990s, in addition to the increasing use of drilling in non-traditional fields, drilling has shown signs of recovery in some areas. Although for a variety of reasons, the world's drilling industry is generally not very prosperous in solid mineral drilling. But for countries with abundant mineral resources, many mineral resources have not been developed. For some countries with more developed drilling technologies, they also want to enter the market of mineral-rich countries by virtue of their technology and equipment advantages. Therefore, although the research and development work of solid mineral drilling technology has slowed down and there is not much breakthrough in technology, it is perfecting various drilling systems and developing drilling equipment and instruments suitable for various geological conditions and various working conditions. A lot of work has been done on tools, as well as on superhard materials and drilling fluids for drilling. Some countries have also increased their research and development efforts in certain areas of drilling. For example, the United States has developed a national plan for advanced drilling and excavation technology to increase its global competitiveness, which has been declining in this field.
2.1 Automated geological core drilling rigs Many countries have made great efforts in the automation, versatility and versatility of drilling rigs. The Russian Institute of Exploration Technology and Methods focuses on three directions in the development of drilling rigs: improving the existing СКБ vertical shaft drilling rig; manufacturing a full hydraulic power head drilling rig; and developing automated drilling equipment. The automated drilling rigs studied in this study are designed with a continuous predictive automation system that can reasonably accumulate geological technical information and store it in a computer. The Special Design Bureau has also developed the СКБ300 full hydraulic drilling rig.
The most representative of the drilling automation devices is the Simba W469 drilling rig developed by the Swedish company ATLAS COPCO for LKAB. One person can operate 2 to 3 sets of equipment at the same time remotely, and the average daily footage of the rig is 300m. It is reported that as of 1999, LKAB will completely replace existing drilling technology with automated drilling technology at Kiruna and Malmberget iron ore mines. The rig can be equipped with a device to replace the worn bit, or a program can be entered to change the bit type to suit different rock conditions.
In fact, the automated geological core drilling rig entered the market in 1996. Typically, ATLAS COPCO's Temex 264 APC drilling rig was put into use in the surface and tunnels of Sweden, Finland and Canada. This computer-controlled core drilling rig is highly automated. The operator can simply work with a simple command when starting drilling, and the rig can work automatically. One person can drill hard rock 140m in 24h. Canada's JKS Boyles' company, its outstanding feature of the automated core drilling rig is the control of the drilling process through the computer's touch screen. Other countries have also developed automatic control rigs.
French company Jean Lutx SA has developed a PPF4 remote control. The driller can complete the lower drilling tool and the entire drilling process with the push of a button. The control system can be combined on a panel of only 35cm x 25cm.
2.2 Deep core drilling technology For more than 10 years, deep core drilling technology has been developed, and many countries have deep exploration missions. For example, South Africa's mine exploration company targets gold mine targets with a depth of more than 4,000 m and a large workload, so South Africa is the most representative of deep core drilling technology. Most of the equipment and technology they use are derived from the Canadian company Bolt. Canada's new product development and technology development in deep hole focuses on two key points: first, to increase productivity; second, to make full use of existing equipment to drill deeper holes. To this end, the company has developed two types of drill pipe: one is the widely used CHD rope core drill pipe, designed with heavy-duty structure, the joint is friction welding, the drill pipe's drilling depth can reach the ordinary rope The heart drill pipe is twice as large; the other new drill pipe has new improvements in heat treatment, thread technology and material. It can be used with common drill pipe and is suitable for a wider range of drilling projects. The leading equipment for drilling deep holes in South Africa is the long-term 50-type and Hydr3000 drilling rigs. The improvement to the drilling rig is to minimize the ineffective drilling time. The United States is also one of the key points in its innovative deep drilling system in its national development plan for advanced drilling and excavation technology.
2.3 Multi-media reverse circulation drilling technology While various drilling technologies are continuously improved, multi-media reverse circulation drilling technology has been more and more widely used, and central sampling (foreign CSR or RC drilling) drilling technology is currently An internationally widely used method in the exploration of various solid minerals, the proportion of geological mineral exploration in some industrialized countries has exceeded the traditional diamond rope core drilling. At present, although the drilling workload in the United States, Canada and other countries has declined, the method has been widely used in South America. The Russian Institute of Exploration Technology and Methods carried out the development of hard rock hydraulic reverse circulation technology and equipment with a hole depth of 1000m. In the acceptance test, the 400m horizontal hole core and rock powder adoption rate was 100%, and the drilling rate increased by 25%. , material and energy consumption reduced by 10% to 12%.
2.4 New hydraulic and pneumatic down-the-hole hammers and drill pipes In the drilling tools, the Russian Special Design Bureau has begun mass production of new hydraulic and pneumatic down-the-hole hammers, which have a much longer life than the old products. In addition, the high-strength, long-life drill pipe (intensified inside and outside the drill pipe) developed by the new structure and manufacturing process has also been mass-produced.
2.5 Research on new methods of drilling In Russia, more work has been done in recent years, and continuous research has been carried out on hot rock crushing, acoustic emission rock and high frequency crushing rock, among which hot rock crushing and contact hot melt crushing rock Entered the stage of productive testing. They are also studying the possibility of electron beam breaking. Other countries have studied such as low-temperature drilling of broken and sand layers, flame-assisted drilling, and sonic drilling.
3 Major advances in solid mineral drilling technology in China
In the past 10 years, China's solid mineral exploration has also been in a low tide period. In addition to structural adjustment and mechanism conversion, many people engaged in the research and development of solid mineral drilling technology have mainly transferred to the extension of exploration engineering such as geotechnical drilling. However, the research and development work on solid mineral drilling is still in progress and has achieved a number of important results.
3.1 Multi-process air drilling technology based on central sampling drilling In situ research institute of the Ministry of Mines has made breakthroughs in the localization, miniaturization and matching of central sampling drilling technology through rapid research. The separation device has reached the international leading level. The application of this technology in the production test conducted by the three bureaus, the geological effect and economic and technical indicators have been greatly improved, in which the monthly efficiency increased by 100% ~ 310%, the highest single hole monthly efficiency of 1583.5m, unit material Consumption is reduced by more than 50%. Changchun University of Science and Technology has successfully developed GQ100/40 type through-drilling hammer and SBC89/44 or SBC73/44 outer flat drill pipe, which adopts air DTH hammer drilling and reverse circulation drilling technology for complex formation drilling. For example, in drilling in the gold mining area of ​​Jixian County, Henan Province, the efficiency of the Taiwanese moon was increased from 99m to 1065m in conventional diamond drilling; the cost was reduced from 500 yuan/m to 101 yuan/m, and the quality of the drilling core (sample) met the geological requirements.
3.2 Hydraulic reverse circulation continuous core (sample) drilling new technology Since the mid-1980s, China's geology and non-ferrous systems have successively developed complete sets of tools, and achieved good drilling results in soft rock formations, drilling depth of more than 300m The monthly efficiency is several kilometers. During the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" period, the in-situ mine department listed the medium-hard rock hydraulic reverse circulation continuous core drilling technology as a key project and made new progress. From the production test situation, the technology has reached the level of promotion and application.
3.3 Coreless Drilling Technology The result of the Institute of Exploration Technology of the In-situ Mines Institute is based on the geotechnical roller bit for core-free drilling in medium-hard and hard formations, forming a complete set of technologies. In recent years, in the test applications of several mining areas in Sichuan, Shanxi and Henan, the coreless drilling workload accounted for 46% of the drilling workload, and the drilling speed increased by more than 50% compared with the same hole core drilling. Monthly efficiency increased by 212%, and unit cost decreased by an average of 68%.
3.4 Geological Core Drilling Equipment In the 1990s, the in-situ mine department focused on research and development of core drilling equipment in order to meet the needs of center sampling, hydraulic reverse circulation, high-precision controlled directional drilling and hydraulic impact rotary drilling. Developed the FD-300 hydraulic drive top drive type vehicle drilling rig mainly used for center sampling drilling and CD-3 type geological core drilling machine with non-stopping function. The newly developed BW-4400 mud pump is designed to meet the requirements of the new drilling process. MK series full hydraulic drilling rig is mainly applied to the coal tunnel system formed the series.
3.5 Rope core drilling technology and impact rotary drilling technology entered the 1990s, both technologies have further development. The S series of geo-mineral systems for solid mineral exploration, the KS series of rope coring tools for tunnel drilling has formed a complete series. Drilling tool handling tools have also been introduced; weighted rope core drilling systems for complex formation drilling, new equal strength friction welded drill pipes and rope sampling and drilling systems for soil engineering geological surveys. Other units have developed rope core drilling systems for oil drilling. China is currently the country with the largest variety and specifications of hydraulic DTH hammers in the world. After the 1990s, there are three advances in hydraulic impact rotary drilling technology: one is to develop in many fields and multi-purpose direction, such as the through-type hydraulic hammer developed by Changchun University of Science and Technology for the core; the exploration technology of the in-situ mine The YS-273 hydraulic DTH hammer developed for water well drilling; the YSC-178 jet-type hydraulic DTH hammer developed by Xinxing Petroleum Company for oil drilling (maximum drilling depth has reached 2400m); ZC-800 hydraulic DTH hammer developed for the construction of rock-socketed piles developed by the Institute of Exploration Technology of the Ministry of Mines. The second is to explore the potential of full use of water-shock energy, improve single-impact power, liquid energy utilization and reliability in use. The YZX hydraulic DTH hammer recently developed by the Institute of Exploration Technology of the Ministry of Mines and Minerals is in medium-fine granite . In the drilling test, the maximum aging time is 6.00m/h and the average aging time is 2.27m/h. From the test situation, the type of down-the-hole hammer has fully achieved the effect of volumetric rock fragmentation. The third is the theoretical research and optimization design of the hydraulic DTH hammer. For example, the computer simulation program of the hydraulic hammer developed by Changchun University of Science and Technology has achieved good results.
3.6 Application of Electronic Computer Technology in Prospecting Engineering The drilling micro-computer intelligent monitoring system researched and developed by China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) can be conveniently and quickly installed at the geological drilling site to conduct real-time monitoring of the drilling process. Use the system to identify the typical working conditions in the hole and find reasonable parameters. At the same time, the drilling trajectory can be tracked for medium target prediction. The system has been promoted and applied nearly 20 units at home and abroad. The Institute of Exploration Technology of the Ministry of Mines and the Technical Center of the Central Group have done a lot of work on the computer-aided design of machinery. In practical applications, the design efficiency has been improved several times and the design quality has also been significantly improved. The Institute of Exploration and Mineral Engineering of the Ministry of Mines, the Changchun University of Science and Technology, and the Institute of Coal Science and Technology Xi'an Branch Drilling Institute used computer technology for the design and manufacture of diamond bits, and established a database and expert system. In directional drilling, computers are used for drilling trajectory design and control, as well as axis measurement.
4 Outlook and recommendations
In the past 10 years, although China's solid mineral drilling technology has achieved great achievements and many breakthroughs, the gap between China and developed drilling countries in this field still exists. Therefore, we still have a lot of work to do. First of all, the popularization and application of advanced drilling technology is a very important and urgent task. Secondly, it continues to invest in the research and development of core drilling. Third, related manufacturing industries improve product quality and move closer to international standards. .
Looking at the development trend of solid mineral drilling in the world, combined with China's national conditions, in the development of drilling technology, there are several aspects worthy of attention:
(1) Research and development of efficient and comprehensive drilling technology. The overall goal is to improve existing drilling techniques to further improve drilling efficiency and quality and to extend the adaptability of existing drilling technologies. On the drilling equipment, or increase the power of the rig, strong drilling; or light and efficient and easy to move; or the rig is versatile to meet the requirements of multi-process drilling and multi-purpose work. For example, the leading equipment for drilling construction in foreign countries is full hydraulic top drive type, with various loading methods and mainly crawler and vehicle-mounted. China is still vertical. The automation of drilling rig operation and control is the requirement of equipment for foreign drilling industry, and it is also one of the major gaps between China's exploration drilling rigs and foreign countries. It is necessary to further improve the existing drilling technology: the controlled directional drilling technology develops to the direction of high precision, small radius of curvature, and cable-free drilling; the core of the rope should be studied for the portable and deep hole rope core drilling system, and the rope core drilling is perfected. Into the matching level; impact rotary drilling technology continues to focus on the hydraulic diving hammer, while increasing the impact of the work, further improve its work reliability and service life.
(2) Research on deep drilling technology. Deep exploration drilling may be the only way to increase the cost of developing mineral reserve balances. In addition to reducing the development of shallow minerals and water resources to protect the ecological environment and resources, the proportion of deep exploration drilling in drilling is increasing. There is very little deep drilling in China. If you do not pay attention to the work in this area, it will aggravate the contradiction between the sustainable development of national economic construction and the shortage of mineral reserve resources. The study of 2000m deep drilling critical equipment, appliances and drilling technology should be taken seriously. For some metallogenic models, core drilling in underground tunnels or mining areas hundreds of meters deep can be carried out in small-scale equipment for deep work, which saves drilling costs and time compared to surface drilling. Therefore, the new core drilling technology in the tunnel should be studied, and the drilling depth is about 1000m.
(3) Drilling technology in the ocean and waters. As most of the mineral resources in the shallow land have been proven and some of the mineral resources have been depleted, global resource exploration has turned to the ocean and other waters while turning deep. China still has no formal water sampling and drilling equipment and complete supporting construction technology. There are more than 6,000 lakes in China with a coastline of 18,000km. The abundant mineral resources in these waters are for exploration and development. The research includes: shallow sea platform, drilling equipment suitable for water drilling on board, water sampling and sampling technology and equipment, new ocean floor and underwater sinking and sampling device.
(4) Development and application of computers in prospecting projects. Drilling technology should be in line with high technology and comprehensively improve the level of drilling technology. It is necessary to systematically develop computer technology to stimulate the technological innovation and progress of the industry in an all-round way. The main research contents include: automation and intelligentization of drilling work, computer aided design and manufacture of automated drilling rigs, drilling equipment, appliances, etc., drilling equipment design and expert system for drilling process control.
(5) Strengthen research and development of drilling materials. This aspect is a very important part of foreign countries. We should also strengthen this work, mainly for drilling hard materials, drilling fluids and pipes.
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