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Overview Off-highway (mineral) dump trucks originate in foreign countries and have been developed in foreign countries for decades. The basic technology has been very mature. Foreign brands mainly include CATERPILLAR from the United States, KOMATSU from Japan, TEREX from the United States and EUCLID from the United States. - HITACHI, BELAZ of Belarus, etc., whose products are mainly concentrated in more than 40 tons. China's non-road (mining) dump trucks have long been dependent on imports. Since the 1970s, this type of product has been developed until the 1990s. By the end of 2009, a total of 67 Chinese non-road (mine) dump trucks have been mass-produced in China, including Inner Mongolia Northern Heavy Vehicle Co., Ltd., Benxi North Machinery Heavy Duty Truck Co., Ltd., Xiangtan Electric Group Co., Ltd. and Beijing Shougang Group. Heavy Vehicle Co., Ltd. and Beijing Zhonghuan Power Heavy Duty Truck Co., Ltd., among which Inner Mongolia Northern Heavy Vehicle Co., Ltd. is the only company in China that can produce 25-360 tons of full-tonnage on the same production line, including mechanical transmission and electric drive dump trucks. Market share has exceeded 70% for many years. In recent years, with the rapid economic development of China's neighboring countries and African countries, the demand for dump trucks has continued to grow rapidly. Dozens of highway dump truck construction machinery manufacturers have seized the non-highway dump truck market. Emerging enterprises include Sany, Shaanxi Tongli, Tonglian Heavy Industry and other enterprises, at the same time the country's standards and regulations for dump trucks have gradually improved, the outline of the standard system is gradually clear, and the structure and content are gradually in line with international standards, reflecting the strictness of safety, environmental protection, ergonomics and other aspects. The competition and development of off-road (mine) dump trucks have entered a new era.
Dump truck classification dump truck can be divided into non-highway type and highway type according to the purpose.
Characteristics and structural features of off -highway (mining) dump trucks Off-highway (mining) dump trucks are heavy duty dump trucks used in open pit mines to complete rock-dip separation and ore transportation missions. Heavy load, commonly used large shovel or hydraulic shovel loading, and from the mining point and unloading point. The “non-highway†here does not mean the meaning of off-road driving, but it is only because of its super-wide profile, and the total mass is too large to allow it to drive on the road. Rigid frame dump trucks are widely used in China. The characteristics and structural features of the rigid frame trucks are briefly described as follows: (1) The profile is particularly tall, and the dump truck belonging to the over-profile type of vehicle only travels within a limited mining area. The size is not limited. In order to increase the transportation volume per vehicle, the vehicle volume shall be increased as much as possible to widen and increase the overall dimensions of the vehicle. The width is far more than the national highway engineering technical standards of JTGB01-2003 and GB1589-2004 road vehicles. The vehicle width of road vehicles specified in the Outline, Axis Load and Quality Limits shall not exceed the 2.5-meter limit and shall not be allowed to travel on roads. (2) Heavy load and strong power. At present, the load of such vehicles is between 20-360 tons, and it is still in the direction of large-scale development. Due to the large deadweight tonnage and the steep slope of the road, which requires the engine to have high power and high torque, it is also easy to ensure full load uphill. Therefore, these models are equipped with high “specific torque†and high “torque increase factorâ€. Engineering engine. However, due to poor off-road conditions, the common speed of these types of vehicles is around 30-40km/h. (3) Two-axis 4×2 structure type wheelbase and total length to reduce the area of ​​the loading and unloading site in the mining area is narrow, with frequent turning and reversing; the roads in the mining area are mostly temporary roads, there are many downhills in the mountainous area, there are many sharp turns, in order to keep the maneuver Flexible, and strive to shorten the wheelbase and total length, in order to reduce the turning radius, reducing the number of reversing, so the basic use of 2-axis 4 × 2 structure type, can guarantee a simple chassis structure, easy maintenance, steering maneuver sensitive. For such vehicles, the uniaxial load far exceeds the uniaxial load specified in GB1589-2004 "Robust dimensions of road vehicles, axle loads and mass limits" and shall not exceed the limit of 12 tons and cannot be used on roads. (4) The frame of the frame is a special structure for construction machinery vehicles. All of them are all welded structures. The longitudinal beams adopt a closed box section to ensure high torsional strength. The thick steel plates used are low-alloy, high-strength steel plates. . (5) The carriage compartment is also fully welded. The rear of the bucket bucket floor is tilted. Generally, the slope angle is 12 degrees without rear plate. The base plate is welded by high-strength, high-hardness, impact-resistant high-quality steel plates to fit. Non-road and harsh industrial and mining transportation and rough loading of construction materials on construction sites, and ensure that their service life is generally more than 10 years. The latest generation of energy-saving models, represented by Australian technology, uses higher-strength alloy steel, which reduces the body weight of the body by more than 20% and saves 8% of fuel compared to a conventional body. Maintenance frequency reduced by 30%. (6) Suspension Non-road (mining) dump trucks mostly use hydro-pneumatic suspensions, especially for vehicles with a carrying capacity of 45 tons or more. This kind of short wheelbase and particularly high-quality models are most suitable for the installation of oil-air suspensions, which do not have the space to install traditional leaf spring damping. The front and rear oil and gas spring cylinders also have the role of steering kingpins. The outer cylinders are fastened to the outside of the frame rails, eliminating the need for a traditional integral front axle. (7) Steering Due to the large mass of the vehicle and the load on the front axle, the steering of the front wheels depends entirely on hydraulic power. In order to ensure the safe and reliable steering, this type of vehicle not only adopts full hydraulic steering, but also is equipped with an emergency steering system. When the power of the steering system fails, the emergency steering system can ensure that it has a certain steering ability, so that the car can be parked safely. The place. (8) The braking slope of the mining area is very high, and the vehicle load quality is particularly large. Therefore, the reliability of the braking system function also needs to be ensured first. In addition to the function of the main brake of the dump truck, it is also equipped with assisted retarding braking capability: engine exhaust brake, hydraulic retarder or electric wheel is converted to electric generator. At the beginning of the move, the engine exhaust brake is put into operation first; then the retarder or electric retarder joins the retard brake function together; the last wheel brake is put into operation so that the use frequency of the main brake is greatly reduced. In the best condition, the brake shoe life can be extended. (9) Vehicles with a transmission mass of 100 tons or less usually adopt hydraulic mechanical transmissions and traditional rear axles; large-capacity models with more than 100 tons generally use electric transmission: the engine drives the generator and drives the rear wheels with current. The motor drives the rear-wheel drive car. (10) Adopting construction tires The tread patterns and structures of these types of vehicle tires are different from road vehicles and belong to the engineering tires, so as to adapt well to the requirements of the use of complex roads. (11) Other characteristics This type of vehicle has internationally known terminology (referred to as off-highway trucks or off-road trucks) and belongs to earthmoving machinery (TC127 standard organization); this product does not belong to the State “Manufacturer of Vehicles and Products†Announcement The scope of management is not included in the catalogue of the automobile industry manufacturing companies published by the state; there is also an "non-road dump truck" category in the Catalogue of Import and Export Taxes of the People's Republic of China (Tax Code No. 87041090).
3. Overview of standardization work of off-highway dump trucks Before the establishment of the “National Earthmoving Machinery Standardization Technical Committee†in 2008, China’s non-highway dump trucks were used as special vehicles, under the jurisdiction of the Automobile Standardization Committee, and the Technical Committee Secretariat was affiliated with the Chongqing Automobile Research Institute. . A number of QC industry standards related to mining vehicles have been issued. However, these industry standards have a low level of adoption, and the preparation of ideas is also more focused on products, technical conditions and other aspects, and the requirements for more important safety, environmental protection, ergonomics and other aspects are not involved. Coupled with the early formulation of these standards, many technical indicators and measurement methods have been unable to adapt to the rapid development of current off-highway dump trucks. After the establishment of the “National Earthmoving Machinery Standardization Technical Committee†in 2008, non-highway dump trucks, as a family of earth-moving machinery, were officially brought into line with international standards. At present, the standard picking rate set by the newly established project has been greatly improved, and the standard revision and revision strategy has also been shifted. Safety, environmental protection, ergonomics and other aspects. In addition to the current ISO standards that are being formulated in the formulation of terms such as terminology, safety, compartment volume calibration, and environmental space, only the current brake standards adopt the current ISO standards. Other standards, such as steering, falling object protection structures, rolling protection structures, etc., have all been replaced by the ISO standard. All of these standards have long-standing problems and are not timely revised.
Overview Off-highway (mineral) dump trucks originate in foreign countries and have been developed in foreign countries for decades. The basic technology has been very mature. Foreign brands mainly include CATERPILLAR from the United States, KOMATSU from Japan, TEREX from the United States and EUCLID from the United States. - HITACHI, BELAZ of Belarus, etc., whose products are mainly concentrated in more than 40 tons. China's non-road (mining) dump trucks have long been dependent on imports. Since the 1970s, this type of product has been developed until the 1990s. By the end of 2009, a total of 67 Chinese non-road (mine) dump trucks have been mass-produced in China, including Inner Mongolia Northern Heavy Vehicle Co., Ltd., Benxi North Machinery Heavy Duty Truck Co., Ltd., Xiangtan Electric Group Co., Ltd. and Beijing Shougang Group. Heavy Vehicle Co., Ltd. and Beijing Zhonghuan Power Heavy Duty Truck Co., Ltd., among which Inner Mongolia Northern Heavy Vehicle Co., Ltd. is the only company in China that can produce 25-360 tons of full-tonnage on the same production line, including mechanical transmission and electric drive dump trucks. Market share has exceeded 70% for many years. In recent years, with the rapid economic development of China's neighboring countries and African countries, the demand for dump trucks has continued to grow rapidly. Dozens of highway dump truck construction machinery manufacturers have seized the non-highway dump truck market. Emerging enterprises include Sany, Shaanxi Tongli, Tonglian Heavy Industry and other enterprises, at the same time the country's standards and regulations for dump trucks have gradually improved, the outline of the standard system is gradually clear, and the structure and content are gradually in line with international standards, reflecting the strictness of safety, environmental protection, ergonomics and other aspects. The competition and development of off-road (mine) dump trucks have entered a new era.
Dump truck classification dump truck can be divided into non-highway type and highway type according to the purpose.
Characteristics and structural features of off -highway (mining) dump trucks Off-highway (mining) dump trucks are heavy duty dump trucks used in open pit mines to complete rock-dip separation and ore transportation missions. Heavy load, commonly used large shovel or hydraulic shovel loading, and from the mining point and unloading point. The “non-highway†here does not mean the meaning of off-road driving, but it is only because of its super-wide profile, and the total mass is too large to allow it to drive on the road. Rigid frame dump trucks are widely used in China. The characteristics and structural features of the rigid frame trucks are briefly described as follows: (1) The profile is particularly tall, and the dump truck belonging to the over-profile type of vehicle only travels within a limited mining area. The size is not limited. In order to increase the transportation volume per vehicle, the vehicle volume shall be increased as much as possible to widen and increase the overall dimensions of the vehicle. The width is far more than the national highway engineering technical standards of JTGB01-2003 and GB1589-2004 road vehicles. The vehicle width of road vehicles specified in the Outline, Axis Load and Quality Limits shall not exceed the 2.5-meter limit and shall not be allowed to travel on roads. (2) Heavy load and strong power. At present, the load of such vehicles is between 20-360 tons, and it is still in the direction of large-scale development. Due to the large deadweight tonnage and the steep slope of the road, which requires the engine to have high power and high torque, it is also easy to ensure full load uphill. Therefore, these models are equipped with high “specific torque†and high “torque increase factorâ€. Engineering engine. However, due to poor off-road conditions, the common speed of these types of vehicles is around 30-40km/h. (3) Two-axis 4×2 structure type wheelbase and total length to reduce the area of ​​the loading and unloading site in the mining area is narrow, with frequent turning and reversing; the roads in the mining area are mostly temporary roads, there are many downhills in the mountainous area, there are many sharp turns, in order to keep the maneuver Flexible, and strive to shorten the wheelbase and total length, in order to reduce the turning radius, reducing the number of reversing, so the basic use of 2-axis 4 × 2 structure type, can guarantee a simple chassis structure, easy maintenance, steering maneuver sensitive. For such vehicles, the uniaxial load far exceeds the uniaxial load specified in GB1589-2004 "Robust dimensions of road vehicles, axle loads and mass limits" and shall not exceed the limit of 12 tons and cannot be used on roads. (4) The frame of the frame is a special structure for construction machinery vehicles. All of them are all welded structures. The longitudinal beams adopt a closed box section to ensure high torsional strength. The thick steel plates used are low-alloy, high-strength steel plates. . (5) The carriage compartment is also fully welded. The rear of the bucket bucket floor is tilted. Generally, the slope angle is 12 degrees without rear plate. The base plate is welded by high-strength, high-hardness, impact-resistant high-quality steel plates to fit. Non-road and harsh industrial and mining transportation and rough loading of construction materials on construction sites, and ensure that their service life is generally more than 10 years. The latest generation of energy-saving models, represented by Australian technology, uses higher-strength alloy steel, which reduces the body weight of the body by more than 20% and saves 8% of fuel compared to a conventional body. Maintenance frequency reduced by 30%.
Energy-saving body
3. Overview of standardization work of off-highway dump trucks Before the establishment of the “National Earthmoving Machinery Standardization Technical Committee†in 2008, China’s non-highway dump trucks were used as special vehicles, under the jurisdiction of the Automobile Standardization Committee, and the Technical Committee Secretariat was affiliated with the Chongqing Automobile Research Institute. . A number of QC industry standards related to mining vehicles have been issued. However, these industry standards have a low level of adoption, and the preparation of ideas is also more focused on products, technical conditions and other aspects, and the requirements for more important safety, environmental protection, ergonomics and other aspects are not involved. Coupled with the early formulation of these standards, many technical indicators and measurement methods have been unable to adapt to the rapid development of current off-highway dump trucks. After the establishment of the “National Earthmoving Machinery Standardization Technical Committee†in 2008, non-highway dump trucks, as a family of earth-moving machinery, were officially brought into line with international standards. At present, the standard picking rate set by the newly established project has been greatly improved, and the standard revision and revision strategy has also been shifted. Safety, environmental protection, ergonomics and other aspects. In addition to the current ISO standards that are being formulated in the formulation of terms such as terminology, safety, compartment volume calibration, and environmental space, only the current brake standards adopt the current ISO standards. Other standards, such as steering, falling object protection structures, rolling protection structures, etc., have all been replaced by the ISO standard. All of these standards have long-standing problems and are not timely revised.
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