At present, scientists can only detect the presence of toxic bacteria in the effluent by collecting water samples and analyzing them in the laboratory for several days. During this period, it is not possible to confirm whether these water sources are safe. A group of students from the Technical University of Denmark recently created a sensor that detects bacteria in water in real time. The sensor is further enhanced by the SBT Aqua using impedance flow cytometry technology. The technology continuously flows liquid samples through a microfluidic channel. The microfluidic channel consists of a series of electrodes with a multi-voltage electrical signal added to these electrodes. The change in impedance caused by the flow of bacteria and other particles through these electrodes can then be detected by the sensor.
Because the changes in the bacteria caused by the impedance change are different from those caused by other particles, the researchers say they can distinguish between the two and get accurate, real-time readings of the relative concentrations in the sample. SBT claims the technology can detect all types of bacteria present in water at the same time.
At the same time the sensor a wide range of applications. Once harmful bacteria in the water are detected, the sensor can immediately give an alarm and use the network to track the flow of contaminated water.
Sensors are expected to go on sale next year.
A carbon steel plate has usually been considered as the steel that does not contain much alloy steel elements, also named as mild steel. Generally, elements are C, Mn, P, S, Si, besides these, there are no minimum limits for elements of Al, Cr, Ni, Mo, V, etc.
Carbon steel plates are available in different grades depending on the carbon content and strength.
As the content of Carbon increase, the steel plate hardness increases.
Low carbon steel plate: For carbon content 0.06% to 0.25%, also we call it mild steel plate.
Medium carbon steel plate: C content from 0.25% to 0.55%.
High carbon steel plate: 0.55% to 1.0%, also called hard steel plate.
Low carbon steel is the most common form, and it's very malleable and ductile. Medium carbon steel balances ductility as well as strength for excellent wear resistance. High carbon steel is exceptionally strong, while ultra-high carbon steel can be tempered to even greater hardness but no malleability.
As the percentage of carbon gets larger, steel can become harder and stronger through heat-treating. Carbon steel is usually heated to change the mechanical properties of steel, usually ductility, hardness, strength, and resistance of impact. Increasing the carbon content of carbon steel makes it harder and stronger, but reduces the steel`s ability to be welded, making it more brittle.
Carbon steel plate is most often used for structural purposes such as buildings, yet it has the flexibility to be worked into ornate designs. Low carbon steel sheet (wrought iron) is typically used for fences, chain links, gates, and railings. Structural steel (medium carbon steel) is used in cars, refrigerators, washing machines, buildings, and bridges. The steel sheets are normally made up of medium carbon steel.
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